Development and Characteristics of a Dual-Layered Vascular Phantom.

Kaitlyn M Elmer, Cassidy Caffin, Breeanna Scott, Sam E Stephens, Morten O Jensen

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Cardiovascular engineering and technology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Kaitlyn M ElmerDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.

Cassidy CaffinDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.

Breeanna ScottDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.

Sam E StephensDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.

Morten O JensenDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA. mojensen@uark.edu.ORCID 0000-0002-1607-6179

Funding

American Heart Association 24AIREA1241655Arkansas Research Alliance Arkansas Research AllianceCongressionally Directed Medical Research Programs HT9425-24-1-0189 (PR231853)

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeCardiovascular phantoms are used in biomedical research and development applications, allowing for complex geometries to be studied in a controlled environment. The various layers of human tissue have been difficult to mimic in these phantoms. In this study, a novel dual-layer cardiovascular phantom is created.

methodsThe interior lumen is 3D printed using an elastic vat-photopolymerization resin and cast within an industry standard tissue-mimicking ballistics gel. Strips of the 3D-printed resin were prepared and tested to determine Young's modulus, Ultimate tensile strength, and elongation at break.

resultsThe final phantoms were reproducible, semi-transparent, and suitable for microCT scanning. Additionally, the 3D-printed elastic materials had: Young's Modulus of 12 +/- 3.2 MPa, UTS of 1.27 +/- 0.44 MPa, and elongation at break of 29 +/- 9%. These results are within the physiological ranges of human tissues. There was a moderate correlation between the thickness of the sample and stiffness, which may be important depending on the application of the models.

conclusionThe methods for producing a dual-layered phantom are reproducible and appropriate for a variety of biomedical applications.

Indexed as

Models, CardiovascularPhantoms, ImagingPrinting, Three-DimensionalElastic ModulusHumansMaterials TestingReproducibility of ResultsTensile StrengthX-Ray Microtomography3D printingGelsMulti-layer phantomsPhantomsResin printingTissue mimicsVat photopolymerization

Identifiers

PMID41214387

DOI10.1007/s13239-025-00810-0

PMCPMC12894153

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.