Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41214251›Full record

ArticleDiabetologia2026

Clinical, immunogenetic and metabolic characteristics of autoantibody-negative and autoantibody-positive type 1 diabetes.

Shivani K Patel, Cindy S Ma, Spiros Fourlanos, Jerry R Greenfield

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Article in Diabetologia, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Shivani K PatelDiabetes and Metabolism, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Shivani.patel1@unsw.edu.au.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3038-4247
Cindy S MaSt Vincent's Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5387-8413
Spiros FourlanosDepartment of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5153-8324
Jerry R GreenfieldDiabetes and Metabolism, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0866-0973

Funding

St Vincents Clinic Foundation SVPHS Ladies' Committee Sister Mary Bernice Rese
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aims/hypothesisAutoantibody-negative type 1 diabetes is an idiopathic subtype with unclear aetiology. We aimed to characterise and compare the clinical, immune, genetic and metabolic characteristics of individuals with autoantibody-negative vs autoantibody-positive type 1 diabetes.

methodsClinical features and deep immune phenotyping of 26 individuals with autoantibody-negative type 1 diabetes were analysed and compared with 30 individuals with autoantibody-positive type 1 diabetes and 25 normoglycaemic control participants. Genetic risk was assessed using the type 1 diabetes genetic risk score 2 (GRS2) and compared with individuals with autoantibody-positive type 1 diabetes and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. Beta cell function was longitudinally assessed in 29 participants with recent-onset type 1 diabetes using glucagon stimulation tests. Mixed meal tests were performed on a subset of participants.

resultsParticipants with autoantibody-negative and autoantibody-positive type 1 diabetes had similar age at diagnosis (33.5 ± 11.6 vs 31.6 ± 9.3 years, p=0.78), disease duration (median 3 [IQR 1-6] years for both) and BMI (24.1 ± 3.4 vs 23.4 ± 2.9 kg/m CONCLUSIONS/

interpretationAdults with autoantibody-negative type 1 diabetes share similar clinical, immunologic, genetic and metabolic features with those who are autoantibody-positive.

Indexed as

AutoantibodiesDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1AdultC-PeptideFemaleGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseHumansInsulin-Secreting CellsMaleYoung AdultAutoantibodiesC-PeptideAtypical diabetesAutoantibody-negative diabetesGenetic risk scorePhenotypeType 1 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID41214251

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.