ArticleEuropean journal of pediatrics2025
Cesarean delivery modifies the association between prenatal exogenous progesterone and cryptorchidism: a case-control study.
Article in European journal of pediatrics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Incidence and associated factors of metachronous contralateral cryptorchidism after unilateral cryptorchidism: a retrospective cohort study.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
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Abstract
This study investigated the association between prenatal exogenous progesterone exposure and cryptorchidism, and whether delivery mode modifies this association. We conducted a retrospective case-control study of 610 cryptorchidism cases and 610 controls from pediatric surgical admissions between April 2016 and October 2021. Data on prenatal exogenous progesterone exposure, delivery mode, and relevant covariates were extracted from medical records. Multivariable logistic regression assessed associations and interactions. Prenatal exogenous progesterone exposure was associated with increased odds of cryptorchidism (aOR = 1.85; 95% CI = 1.42-2.40; P < .001). This association was significantly modified by delivery mode (interaction P = .001). In the cesarean delivery subgroup, progesterone exposure was linked to a higher incidence of cryptorchidism (65.6% vs. 41.9%; P < .001) and substantially increased odds (aOR = 3.27; 95% CI = 2.15-4.98; P < .001), whereas the association was attenuated and not statistically significant following vaginal delivery (aOR = 1.28; 95% CI = 0.90-1.81). Within the cesarean subgroup, progesterone-exposed infants also had higher rates of preterm birth (13.8% vs. 7.3%; P = .018) and low birth weight (17.5% vs. 9.9%; P = .014), whereas maternal age was comparable between groups (P = .409).
conclusionOur findings support that prenatal exogenous progesterone exposure was associated with increased odds of cryptorchidism, with a stronger association among cesarean deliveries. The higher prevalence of preterm birth and low birth weight in progesterone-exposed cesarean deliveries is consistent with case-mix differences and may reflect them. Clinicians should remain cautious, and further confirmation from prospective studies is warranted. WHAT IS KNOWN: • Cryptorchidism is common; etiology is multifactorial and incompletely understood. • Perinatal factors (e.g., prematurity, LBW) and endocrine disruption have been implicated. WHAT IS NEW: • Prenatal exogenous progesterone exposure is associated with higher odds of cryptorchidism. • Cesarean delivery modifies this association, resulting in a stronger association in exposed infants.
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