Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41213838›Full record

ArticleBJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology2025

Prevalence of Large-for-Gestational Age and Macrosomia Among Livebirths in 23 Low- and Middle-Income Countries Between 2000 and 2021: An Individual Participant Data Analysis.

Fati Kirakoya-Samadoulougou, Joyeuse Ukwishaka, Calypse Ngwasiri, Seema Subedi, Elizabeth A Hazel, Daniel J Erchick, Lee Shu Fune Wu, Carlos Grandi, Carl Lachat, Laéticia Céline Toe and 75 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

85 authors.

Fati Kirakoya-SamadoulougouDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9584-6329
Joyeuse UkwishakaCentre de Recheche en Epidemiologie, Biostatistique et Recherche Clinique, Ecole de Santé Publique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
Calypse NgwasiriCentre de Recheche en Epidemiologie, Biostatistique et Recherche Clinique, Ecole de Santé Publique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
Seema SubediDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Elizabeth A HazelDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9176-3278
Daniel J ErchickDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2852-280X
Lee Shu Fune WuDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Carlos GrandiArgentine Society of Paediatrics, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Carl LachatDepartment of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
Laéticia Céline ToeDepartment of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
Dominique RoberfroidDepartment of Medicine, Namur University, Namur, Belgium.
Lieven HuybregtsDepartment of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
Alain B LabriqueDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Mabhubur RashidNoora Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Saijuddin ShaikhCentre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, Dehli, India.
Rezwanul HaqueJiVitA Maternal and Child Health Research Project, Rangpur, Bangladesh.
Abdullah H BaquiDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Samir K SahaChild Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Rasheda KhanamDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Sayedur RahmanProjahnmo Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Md Mariângela F SilveiraPostgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
Romina BuffariniPostgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
Roger L ShapiroDepartment of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Rebecca ZashBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Zhonghai ZhuDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.
Lingxia ZengDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.
Xiu QiuGuangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
Jianrong HeGuangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
Seifu H GebreyesusDepartment of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Kokeb TesfamariamDepartment of Public Health, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia.
Grace ChanDepartment of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Delayehu BekeleDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Seth Adu-AfarwuahDepartment of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
Kathryn G DeweyInstitute for Global Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
Stephaney GyaaseBiostatistics Unit, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Kintampo, Ghana.
Blair J WylieDivision of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Sunita TanejaCentre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India.
Ranadip ChowdhuryCentre for Health Research and Development, Society for Applied Studies, New Delhi, India.
Giridhara R BabuDepartment of Population Medicine, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
R DeepaPHFI Center for Developmental and Lifecourse Research, Bengaluru, India.
Mohamed RishardFaculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Marzia LazzeriniInstitute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", WHO Collaborating Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy.
Maria J Rodriguez-SibajaNational Institute of Perinatology, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department, Mexico City, Mexico.
Sandra Acevedo-GallegosNational Institute of Perinatology, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department, Mexico City, Mexico.
Per AshornCenter for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
Kenneth MaletaCollege of Medicine, University of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi.
Luke C MullanyDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Fyezah JehanDepartment of Paediatrcis and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
Muhammad IlyasThe Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
Stephen J RogersonDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
Holger W UngerMenzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6347-536X
Rakesh GhoshInstitute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7839-4148
Sabine MusangeSchool of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Butare, Rwanda.
Aroonsri MongkolchatiASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand.
Paniya KeentupthaiCollege of Medicine and Public Health, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand.
Wafaie FawziHarvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Dongqing WangDepartment of Global and Community Health, College of Public Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA.
Christentze SchmiegelowDepartment of Immunology and Microbiology, Centre for Translational Medicine and Parasitology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Daniel MinjaNational Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Line HjortFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
John P A LusinguNational Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Emily R SmithDepartment of Global Health, George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
Honorati MasanjaIfakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Fathma Mohamed KaboleMinistry of Health Zanzibar, Tanzania.
Salim Nassir SlimMinistry of Health Zanzibar, Tanzania.
Abel KakuruInfectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.
Richard KajubiInfectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.
Dilys WalkerInstitute for Global Health Sciences and Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Peter WaiswaDepartment of Health Policy Planning and Management, Makerere University School of Public Health, New Mulago Hospital Complex, Kampala, Uganda.
Vundli RamokoloHIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
Wanga Zembe-MkabileHealth Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
Katherine SemrauAriadne Labs, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8360-1391
Davidson H HamerDepartment of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
R Matthew ChicoDepartment of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1795-7100
Enesia Banda ChapondaDepartment of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
Albert ManasyanDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
Jake M PryDivision of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6312-4420
Kebby MusokotwaneNational HIV/AIDS/STI/TB Council of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
Bowen BandaResearch Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
Andrew PrendergastQueen Mary University of London, London, UK.
Bernard ChasekwaZvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harere, Zimbabwe.
Joanne KatzDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Anne C C LeeWarren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
Robert E BlackDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Subnational Collaborative Group for Vulnerable Newborn Prevalence

Funding

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation IDINV-053360Children's Investment Fund Foundation 200404670
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo examine the prevalence of large-for-gestational age (LGA) and macrosomia in 23 countries between 2000 and 2021.

designDescriptive multi-country secondary data analysis.

settingSubnational, population-based cohort studies (k = 45 for LGA, k = 25 for macrosomia) in 23 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). POPULATION: Liveborn infants.

methodsWe conducted a secondary analysis of individual-level data from the Vulnerable Newborn Measurement Collaboration, using INTERGROWTH-21st standards to define LGA (> 90th centile for gestational age and sex) and macrosomia (≥ 4000 g, regardless of gestational age). We included LMIC population-based datasets with reliable gestational age and birthweight data, excluding studies with small sample sizes, high missing data, or implausible measurements. Prevalence estimates were stratified by region, study period and gestational age, and results were summarised as medians and interquartile ranges (IQR).

main outcome measuresPrevalence of LGA and macrosomia.

resultsAmong 476 939 live births, the median prevalence of LGA was 5.1% (IQR: 2.9%-9.6%) and was highest in Latin America and the Caribbean at 9.6% (4 studies, IQR: 2.7%-16.1%) and lowest in South Asia at 2.7% (13 studies, IQR: 2.3%-3.7%). Over time, the median LGA prevalence increased from 4.9% (12 studies; IQR: 4.1%-7.9%) during the period from 2000 to 2010 to 5.9% (33 studies, IQR: 2.7%-11.2%) from 2011 to 2021. Term LGA was more common at 3.2% (0.9-5.1) than preterm or post-term LGA. Among 313 064 live births, the median prevalence of macrosomia was 1.3% (n = 313 064, IQR: 0.2%-2.4%), which was highest in Latin America and the Caribbean (4 studies, 3.1%, IQR: 0.7%-6.8%) and lowest in South Asia (8 studies, 0.1%, IQR: 0.0%-0.7%). The median prevalence remained stable over time: 1.1% (8 studies, IQR: 0.2%-3.1%) in older studies (2000-2010) and 1.3% (17 studies, IQR: 0.5%-2.4%) in more recent studies (2011-2021). Term macrosomia was more common at 1.2% (0.2-2.0) than preterm and post-term macrosomia.

conclusionsThe overall prevalence of LGA and macrosomia was lower in these LMIC studies than is reported in high-income countries. The prevalence of large babies was highest in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Indexed as

Developing CountriesFetal MacrosomiaLive BirthAdultBirth WeightFemaleGestational AgeHumansInfant, NewbornLatin AmericaMalePregnancyPrevalencebirth weightlarge‐for‐gestational agelow‐ and middle‐income countriesmacrosomiavulnerable newborn types

Identifiers

PMID41213838
PMCPMC12678062

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.