ArticleApplied microbiology and biotechnology2025
Effect of plasma-activated water against E. coli and S. aureus: Influence of organic matter and impact on skin cell viability.
Article in Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Synthesis, characterization, shelf life and optimization of process parameter of plasma-activated hydrogel production for Staphylococcus aureus Inhibition.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- A New Frontier in Food Safety: Cold Plasma Strategies for Effective Control of Fungi and Mycotoxins.Toxins · 2026Review
- CarbopolGels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The study evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of plasma-activated water (PAW), generated using a plasma bubble reactor, against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus in both planktonic and biofilm states. The physicochemical properties of PAW, including pH, electrical conductivity, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species concentrations, were analysed immediately after production and after 24 and 48 h of storage at 4 °C. Additionally, the impact of organic load on PAW's antibacterial activity and its cytotoxic effects on human keratinocytes were investigated. To assess its stability, PAW's antimicrobial activity after storage was also evaluated in the presence and absence of organic matter. PAW treatment resulted in a significant reduction in bacterial counts, achieving inactivation below the detection limit (1 log CFU/mL) within 20 min for both planktonic and biofilm states. However, the presence of organic matter significantly impaired PAW's antibacterial efficacy, with higher organic loads leading to significantly diminished bacterial inactivation. PAW stored for 24 h maintained strong antimicrobial activity, which declined after 48 h; the presence of organic matter further reduced its efficacy across all time points. Importantly, PAW's exposure did not induce cytotoxic effects on human keratinocytes at treatment durations of up to 30 min. These findings highlight the potential of PAW as a sustainable disinfection strategy, demonstrating robust antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive foodborne pathogens while maintaining biocompatibility. Further research is required to enhance PAW's efficacy in complex environments with organic contamination to enhance its practical applications in agri-food settings. KEY POINTS: • PAW effectively inactivated E. coli and S. aureus in planktonic and biofilm states. • PAW antimicrobial activity is reduced in the presence of organic matter. • PAW showed minimal cytotoxic effects on human keratinocytes.
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Registered trials
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