ArticleIntensive care medicine2025
Impact of frailty on mortality, functional outcome, and health status after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: insights from the TTM2-trial.
Article in Intensive care medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02908308 (Targeted Hypothermia Versus Targeted Normothermia After Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest), which is not on this map. Cited by 6 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Targeted Hypothermia Versus Targeted Normothermia After Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest (TTM2) - A Randomised Clinical Trial
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Impaired Pre-Critical Illness Quality of Life in Elderly ICU Patients.Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica · 2026Observational
- Simulation study of frailty as a baseline confounder: the need to improve reporting intensive care trials.Critical care (London, England) · 2026Review
- Intensive care utilization and clinical outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: a nationwide observational study using the Japanese intensive care patient database.Heart and vessels · 2026Article
- Should decision-making for cardiac arrest survivors be frailty-driven or frailty-informed?Intensive care medicine · 2026Article
- Frailty: a prognostic marker or a self-fulfilling prophecy in cardiac arrest outcomes?Intensive care medicine · 2026Article
- The Incidence of Bone Cement Implantation Syndrome Grade 3 in Hip and Knee Arthroplasty: A Retrospective Multicenter Case Series.JB & JS open accessArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
19 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo explore the association of frailty with mortality, functional outcome, and health status after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
methodsThis is a cohort-based secondary analysis of the Targeted Hypothermia versus Targeted Normothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (TTM2) trial, an international, prospective, multicentre study. Frailty was assessed using the Clinical Frailty Scale (1-9): fit (1-3), prefrail (4), frail (5), and severely frail (6-9). Main outcomes were mortality and poor functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale 4-6) at 6 and 24 months. Additional outcomes included neuroprognostication, withdrawal-of-life-sustaining-therapies (WLST), functional decline (retrospectively reported pre-arrest versus 6 month Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended score), health status (EQ-5D-5L, EQ-VAS), and life satisfaction at 6 and 24 months.
resultsOf 1861 participants, 240 (13%) were prefrail, and 188 (10%) were frail or severely frail. Mortality and poor functional outcome increased significantly with greater frailty. Compared to fit participants, adjusted ORs (95% CI) for 6 month mortality were: prefrail 2.7 (1.8-3.8), frail 3.7 (1.9-7.1), and severely frail 8.9 (4.2-18.7); and poor functional outcome: prefrail 2.9 (1.9-4.2), frail 3.9 (1.9-8.1), and severely frail 35.4 (8.4-148.8). Severely frail participants underwent neuroprognostication less often (p < 0.001), while WLST was more common in the prefrail, frail and severely frail (p < 0.001). Prefrail and frail survivors tended to report more frequent functional decline and lower health status, though with individual variation.
conclusionFrailty was associated with a significantly increased risk of mortality and poor functional outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Findings suggest more frequent functional decline and lower overall health status in frail survivors.
trial registrationNCT02908308.
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