ArticleJCI insight2025
Comparative analysis of adenovirus, mRNA, and protein vaccines reveals context-dependent immunogenicity and efficacy.
Article in JCI insight, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Comparative Effectiveness of mRNA-1273 Versus Protein-Based NVX-CoV2705 Vaccination on COVID-19-Related Outcomes Among Insured Adults in the United States During 2024-2025: A Retrospective Matched Cohort Study.Advances in therapy · 2026Article
- Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination on Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Receiving First-Line Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy: Real-World Evidence from Romania.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- IFNL3 reduces replication of CIRDC-associated viruses in canine airway epithelial cells.Virus research · 2026Article
- Peripheral vaccination-induced brain-resident memory CD8+ T cells durably protect mice against intracranial malignancy.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- A Novel Bicistronic Adenovirus Vaccine Elicits Superior and Comprehensive Protection Against BVDV.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticle enhances mRNA delivery and T cell-mediated immunity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Advances in the application of recombinant herpesvirus-vectored vaccines in animal disease control.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Research progress of dengue virus T cell epitope mediated cellular immunity in avoiding ADE.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- mRNA vaccines transform personalized lung cancer treatment.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of adenovirus, mRNA, and protein-based vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic, their relative immunological profiles and protective efficacies remain incompletely defined. Here, we compared antigen kinetics, innate and adaptive immune responses, and protective efficacy following Ad5, mRNA, and protein vaccination in mice. Ad5 induced the most sustained antigen expression, but mRNA induced the most potent IFN responses, associated with robust antigen presentation and costimulation. Unlike Ad5 vaccines, which were hindered by preexisting vector immunity, mRNA vaccines retained efficacy after repeated use. As a single-dose regimen, Ad5 vaccines elicited higher immune responses. However, as a prime-boost regimen, and particularly in Ad5 seropositive mice, mRNA vaccines were more immunogenic than the other vaccine platforms. These findings highlight strengths of each vaccine platform and underscore the importance of host serostatus in determining optimal vaccine performance.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.