Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41211952›Full record

ArticleBiotechnology and bioengineering2026

Comparative Analysis of HEK293 Genomic Variability.

Georg Smesnik, Nikolaus Virgolini, Maria Toth, Astrid Dürauer, Nicole Borth

Abstract readComparative Study
In one paragraph

Article in Biotechnology and bioengineering, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Polyploidy: A macromutational force pushing bioeconomic developments.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Review
  4. Article
  5. Comparative Analysis of HEK293 Genomic Variability.Biotechnology and bioengineering · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Georg SmesnikInstitute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, CD Laboratory of Knowledge-Based Production of Gene Therapy Vectors, BOKU University, Vienna, Austria.ORCID 0009-0004-6486-4390
Nikolaus VirgoliniInstitute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, CD Laboratory of Knowledge-Based Production of Gene Therapy Vectors, BOKU University, Vienna, Austria.
Maria TothInstitute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, CD Laboratory of Knowledge-Based Production of Gene Therapy Vectors, BOKU University, Vienna, Austria.
Astrid DürauerInstitute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, CD Laboratory of Knowledge-Based Production of Gene Therapy Vectors, BOKU University, Vienna, Austria.ORCID 0000-0002-6007-7697
Nicole BorthInstitute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, CD Laboratory of Knowledge-Based Production of Gene Therapy Vectors, BOKU University, Vienna, Austria.ORCID 0000-0001-6324-9338

Funding

The financial support by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Labor and Economy, the National Foundation for Research, Technology and Development and the Christian Doppler Research Association is gratefully acknowledged. This study was in part funded by Boehringer Ingelheim International through the CD Laboratory on Knowledge based production of gene therapy vectors.
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Human embryonic kidney cells HEK293 are widely used in biopharmaceutical manufacturing, with a recent surge particularly in recombinant adeno-associated virus production. Despite their industrial relevance, comprehensive data on their genomic background and stability remains limited. Here, we systematically analyze the genetic landscape of various HEK293 cell lines in response to cultivation conditions, clonal selection, genetic manipulation and over time in culture. Adherent HEK293 were adapted to suspension growth using different serum-free media. Whole genome sequences from these cell lines were analyzed together with previously published data from additional variants in common use. All data sets were aligned against the human reference genome, enabling the assessment of genome stability by evaluation of variants and revealing a conserved genetic core across all lines, regardless of cultivation history or phenotypic divergence. Evaluation of the functional implications of conserved core mutations identified an enrichment in genes related to cellular structure, morphology and cellular connectivity. The distribution of structural variants and single nucleotide polymorphisms indicated a gradual accumulation of mutations over time in culture rather than abrupt shifts in response to environmental changes. Notably, the integrated adenoviral genes remained highly conserved with respect to copy number, integration site and sequence integrity. These findings provide insight into the genomic evolution of HEK293 cells and offer a foundation for further multi-omics studies aimed at optimizing HEK293 cells for applications in biopharmaceutical production.

Indexed as

Genetic VariationGenome, HumanGenomic InstabilityHEK293 CellsHumansPolymorphism, Single Nucleotideadaptation to suspensionDNA variant analysisgenomicsHEK293whole‐genome sequencing

Identifiers

PMID41211952
PMCPMC12779178

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.