ArticleFrontiers in medicine2025
Respiratory infections in the post-COVID-19 era: impact, prevalence, and clinical characteristics of bacterial and viral co-infections.
Article in Frontiers in medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Epidemiology, bacterial coinfection risk factors, and inflammatory markers in children with RSV, AdV, and hMPV pneumonia in Zunyi, China.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Physicians' perspectives on the perceived increase in respiratory infections post-COVID-19 in Pakistan: a qualitative study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Microbial spectrum, co-detection patterns, and clinical correlations in 10,153 hospitalized children with acute respiratory infections: a large-scale tNGS analysis.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Etiological composition and epidemiological characteristics of acute respiratory infections in Hebei Province, 2023-2025.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Humans are affected by respiratory infections globally, originating from both bacterial and viral agents. However, the pathogens responsible for respiratory tract infections and the specific effects of viral-viral, viral-bacterial, and bacterial-bacterial co-infections on disease progression and clinical outcomes remain unclear. Тhis study aimed to determine the prevalence, estimate the age burden, and provide clinical characteristics of mono- and co-infections involving various bacterial and viral co-pathogens. Methods: A total of 609 nasopharyngeal specimens were collected from outpatients and hospitalized patients with respiratory symptoms between April and December 2024. The specimens were analyzed using an in-house multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction method. Six separate primer and probe mixtures were prepared to detect 15 respiratory viruses and 5 common bacterial respiratory pathogens. Results: This study, conducted over an 8-month period, found that 65.7% of the patients (400) had at least one respiratory pathogen, with viral infections (49.2%) being more common than bacterial infections (16.5%). Infections were categorized as follows: Viral mono-infections: 217 cases (35.6%); Bacterial-bacterial co-infections: 6 cases (1%); Viral-viral co-infections: 39 cases (6.4%); and Bacterial-viral co-infections: 87 cases (34.3%). Common pathogens causing mono- and co-infections included SARS-CoV-2, rhinovirus, influenza A/B, bocavirus, adenovirus, Conclusion: This study identified SARS-CoV-2, rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, and
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.