ReviewInfection and drug resistance2025
Diabetes Mellitus and the Risk and Outcomes of
Review in Infection and drug resistance, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Prevalence and incidence of infections among people with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2026Pooled it
- Metabolic Syndrome Is Associated With Increased Risk ofOpen forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are at increased risk for Objective: To systematically evaluate the impact of DM on the incidence and recurrence risk of CDI, explore underlying mechanisms, and provide evidence-based guidance for prevention and control in high-risk populations. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science to identify cohort and case-control studies reporting on the association between diabetes and the risk or outcomes of CDI. The ROBINS-I tool was used for risk of bias assessment. Random-effects models were applied to pool odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subgroup analyses, sensitivity analyses, and cumulative meta-analyses were performed. The quality of evidence for the primary outcomes was graded according to the GRADE approach. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (registration number: CRD420251128182). Results: A total of 12 international studies (including 8 reporting recurrence outcomes) and covering more than 3. 5 million participants from North America, Europe, and East Asia were included. Meta-analysis showed that diabetes significantly increased the risk of CDI (OR=1. 46, 95% CI: 1. 20-1. 77), as well as the risk of recurrence (OR=3. 11, 95% CI: 1. 98-4. 87). Subgroup and sensitivity analyses yielded consistent results, and cumulative meta-analysis indicated that effect sizes became stable over time. Mechanistic analyses suggested that immune dysfunction, gut microbiota imbalance, and exposure to high-risk medications were key contributing factors. Based on GRADE assessment, the quality of evidence for the primary outcomes was moderate, with a low risk of publication bias. Conclusion: Diabetes is an independent risk factor for both CDI and its recurrence. It is recommended that clinicians strengthen CDI risk assessment and integrated prevention strategies for patients with diabetes, with a focus on optimizing antibiotic stewardship, reducing unnecessary broad-spectrum antibiotic use, and microbiota-targeted interventions. High-quality prospective studies are needed to further improve prevention strategies and elucidate underlying mechanisms.
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Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.