Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41209714›Full record

ArticleJournal of educational and behavioral statistics : a quarterly publication sponsored by the American Educational Research Association and the American Statistical Association2025

Approaches to Statistical Efficiency When Comparing the Embedded Adaptive Interventions in a SMART.

Timothy Lycurgus, Amy Kilbourne, Daniel Almirall

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of educational and behavioral statistics : a quarterly publication sponsored by the American Educational Research Association and the American Statistical Association, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Trial
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Timothy LycurgusUniversity of Michigan.ORCID 0000-0002-7600-4011
Amy KilbourneUniversity of Michigan Medical School.
Daniel AlmirallUniversity of Michigan.

Funding

Pilot and Mentoring CoreP50DA054039 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI Inbal Billie Nahum-Shani · 2021 to 2026
$18.2M
Novel Methods for Intensive Longitudinal Data in SMART Studies of Drug Abuse and HIVR01DA039901 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI ALMIRALL, DANIEL, NAHUM-SHANI, INBAL BILLIE · 2015 to 2024
$5.4M
Reducing disparities in cardiovascular health in community mental health settings: optimizing implementation strategiesUH3HL154280 · NHLBI · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI Gail L. Daumit, AMY M KILBOURNE · 2023 to 2026
$4.9M
Improving Student Mental Health: Adaptive Implementation of School-based CBTR01MH114203 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI KILBOURNE, AMY M · 2017 to 2021
$3.6M
Promoting the implementation of clinical guidelines for opioid prescribing in primary care using systems consultationR01DA047279 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON · PI QUANBECK, ANDREW · 2018 to 2022
$3.5M
NHLBI NIH HHS UH3 HL154280NIDA NIH HHS P50 DA054039NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA039901NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA047279NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH114203
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Sequential, multiple assignment randomized trials (SMARTs), which assist in the optimization of adaptive interventions, are growing in popularity in education and behavioral sciences. This is unsurprising, as adaptive interventions reflect the sequential, tailored nature of learning in a classroom or school. Nonetheless, as is true elsewhere in education research, observed effect sizes in education-based SMARTs are frequently small. As a consequence, statistical efficiency is of paramount importance in their analysis. The contributions of this manuscript are twofold. First, we provide an overview of adaptive interventions and SMART designs for researchers in education science. Second, we propose four techniques that have the potential to improve statistical efficiency in the analysis of SMARTs. We demonstrate the benefits of these techniques in SMART settings both through the analysis of a SMART designed to optimize an adaptive intervention for increasing cognitive behavioral therapy delivery in school settings and through a comprehensive simulation study. Each of the proposed techniques is easily implementable, either with over-the-counter statistical software or through R code provided in Supplemental Material.

Indexed as

Statistical EfficiencyStudy Design

Identifiers

PMID41209714
PMCPMC12594441

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.