ReviewFrontiers in immunology2025
The immunosuppressive mechanisms induced by sepsis and the corresponding treatment strategies.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A bibliometric and visual analysis of research trends and hotspots in sepsis-related immunosuppression (2005-2025).Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- The carotid body in sepsis: From homeostatic defense to immunometabolic dysregulation.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Review
- The NLRP3 inflammasome in physiological and dysfunctional host response in human sepsis and critical illness: a narrative review.Critical care (London, England) · 2026Review
- Pathological Signal-Responsive Nanoplatforms for Sepsis: Integrating Biomarker Sensing With Spatiotemporal Drug Delivery and Immunomodulation.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Moxibustion combined with anti-PD-1 antibodies improves immunosuppression in septic mice potentially through the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway.Immunologic research · 2026Article
- The U-shaped relationship between triglyceride glucose-body mass index and prognosis of sepsis patients: a retrospective study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- RPSA-OLFM4 axis governs neutrophil migration against bacterial infection and sepsis.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Organ-specific inflammatory profiles during sepsis: divergent macrophage polarization and oxidative stress response in lung and liver in mouse model of caecal ligation and puncture.Journal of inflammation (London, England) · 2026Article
- Disease-Causing Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets in Infectious Diseases: Implications for Clinical Management and Public Health.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Article
- Association between monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio and mortality in critically ill patients with acute respiratory failure: a retrospective cohort study.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Neutrophil immunometabolism in ACLF and sepsis: mechanisms, dysfunction, and therapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The incremental value of a novel immuno-inflammatory index (SIICI) in predicting sepsis after ureteroscopic lithotripsy: development and validation of a nomogram.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Cell death in sepsis: unveiling new perspectives on organ dysfunction.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by the dysregulation of the body's response to infection. It is characterized by a high incidence, high mortality rate, and high medical burden, and is a major global health threat. Although updated treatment guidelines have reduced the mortality rate during the acute phase, survivors still face a high long-term risk of recurrent infection and death. Recent studies have shown that the long-term high mortality rate of sepsis is closely related to the immunosuppression it induces. Sepsis-induced immunosuppression originates from the disruption of immune homeostasis, characterized by excessive release of anti-inflammatory cytokines, increased apoptosis of immune cells (especially lymphocytes), T cell exhaustion, and expansion of immune regulatory cells (Tregs, MDSCs). Reduced expression of human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) and upregulated expression of immune checkpoint molecules (PD-1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, etc.) further exacerbate immunosuppression. This article systematically reviews the immune imbalance state and related mechanisms of patients with sepsis, and summarizes new immunotherapy strategies such as immune stimulatory factors (GM-CSF, IL-7, IL-15), immune checkpoint inhibitors (anti-PD-1/PD-L1, anti-CTLA-4, anti-TIM-3), and emerging therapies (mesenchymal stem cells, calprotectin inhibitors, TREM-1 inhibitors). The aim is to enhance clinicians' understanding of sepsis-induced immunosuppression, facilitate early intervention, and reduce the incidence and mortality of long-term complications.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.