ArticleBMC psychiatry2025
Association between nicotine-dependent patients and delirium in intensive care units: a retrospective cohort study using a large clinical database.
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Nicotine Withdrawal Syndrome in Intensive Care Patients-Preventive and Therapeutic Implications.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlthough nicotine use is a significant and potentially modifiable risk factor for delirium in ICU patients, evidence on the association between nicotine dependence (ND) and ICU delirium remains limited.
methodsThis retrospective cohort study used the MIMIC-IV v3.1 database and included adult patients admitted to the ICU for ≥ 24 h with documented delirium assessments. Patients with schizophrenia, dementia, depression, alcohol abuse, or cerebrovascular disease were excluded. Patients were classified into ND and non-ND groups. The primary outcome was ICU delirium incidence; secondary outcomes included in-hospital mortality, ICU mortality, hospital length of stay, and ICU length of stay. Confounders were balanced using 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM). Cox regression and competing risk models were used to assess the association between ND and delirium. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed, and the effects of ICD coding versions and NRT treatment were also evaluated.
resultsA total of 24,043 patients were included, with 2,662 (11.07%) in the ND group. After PSM, baseline characteristics were balanced. The ND group had a significantly higher incidence of delirium than the non-ND group (30.8% vs. 27.2%, P = 0.004), with no significant differences in mortality or length of stay. Multivariate Cox and competing risk models confirmed that ND was independently associated with increased ICU delirium risk. Findings remained consistent in PSM and sensitivity analyses.
conclusionNicotine dependence significantly increases the risk of ICU delirium. These results highlight the need for targeted risk assessment and intervention strategies in ND patients admitted to the ICU.
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