SynthesisJournal of caring sciences2025
Nonpharmacological Interventions on Intramuscular Vaccination Pain among Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Control Trials.
Synthesis in Journal of caring sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Vaccination pain is the most common distress for young children and their parents. Non-pharmacological interventions significant impact on vaccination pain in infants. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to appraises the evidence concerning the non-pharmacological interventions on vaccine related pain in infants. Methods: This study was followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement and recommendation of Cochrane guidelines. Electronic databases, including PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), EMBASE, Web of Science, and Clinical Key, were searched for original trails. Pooled data were analyzed using a random-effects model with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The subgroup analysis including breastfeeding, sucrose, kangaroo mother care, massage, heat-cold applications, and pain scales were presented in forest plots using RevMan software 5 version 4.1. Results: A total of 1,739 infants were included from 19 trials. Of these, 1,055 infants received interventions, while 684 infants given usual care. Eight trails used breastfeeding as an intervention, standard mean difference (SMD): -3.28. 95% (CI): -4.16 to -2.4, Conclusion: Noninvasive therapies such as breastfeeding, massage, sucrose, KMC, and hot and cold applications were effective interventions in reducing vaccination pain in infants. Studies have proved that nonpharmacological interventions were ideal and acted as analgesics among children with fewer side effects.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.