ArticleNature microbiology2025
An updated evolutionary classification of CRISPR-Cas systems including rare variants.
Article in Nature microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers.
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Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed.
- CRISPR-Cas immune repertoires as an ecological record of bacterial interactions with mobile genetic elements in the human gut.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Cas10 residues lining the target RNA binding channel regulate interference by distinguishing cognate target RNA from mismatched targets.RNA biology · 2026Article
- An efficient endogenous type I-E CRISPR-Cas genome-editing platform for producing transglutaminase inEngineering microbiology · 2026Article
- Size and sequence variation of the Lid of the Cas12a nuclease domain results in a nickase phenotype.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- BaCas12a3 represents a new subtype of type V CRISPR effector with collateral activity toward tRNA.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Technical limitations of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing in bacteria: challenges and future directions.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- 3D Genome Engineering Using CRISPR/dCas Systems.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Type III CRISPR-Cas systems preferentially acquire spacers from early-expressed phage genes in a transcription-dependent manner.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Review
- Article
- Decoding and Overcoming Temozolomide Resistance Through CRISPR/Cas Technologies.Molecular diagnosis & therapy · 2026Review
- Exploring the emerging role of CRISPR-Cas systems in probiotic development.Engineering microbiology · 2026Review
- MtvS1 and MtvS2 Interact with RNA polymerase to regulate the Francisella type V-A CRISPR-Cas system.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Transposon end recognition and excision mechanisms of type I-F CRISPR-associated transposases.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Craspase Protease Activation Is Sensitive to Oncogenic Single-Nucleotide RNA Mismatches.ACS chemical biology · 2026Article
- Bacterial small regulatory RNAs.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Harnessing endogenous CRISPR-Cas9 for inducible genetic engineering ofApplied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Exploring the Evolutionary Landscape with Targeted In Vivo Hypermutations.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Advancements in CRISPR/Cas Technologies for Sensitive Cancer Detection: Mechanisms, Platforms, and Clinical Translation Roadmap.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- CRISPR application in hematological disorders: from bench to bedside.Blood advances · 2026Review
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29 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The known diversity of CRISPR-Cas systems continues to expand. To encompass new discoveries, here we present an updated evolutionary classification of CRISPR-Cas systems. The updated CRISPR-Cas classification includes 2 classes, 7 types and 46 subtypes, compared with the 6 types and 33 subtypes in our previous survey 5 years ago. In addition, a classification of the cyclic oligoadenylate-dependent signalling pathway in type III systems is presented. We also discuss recently characterized alternative CRISPR-Cas functionalities, notably, type IV variants that cleave the target DNA and type V variants that inhibit the target replication without cleavage. Analysis of the abundance of CRISPR-Cas variants in genomes and metagenomes shows that the previously defined systems are relatively common, whereas the more recently characterized variants are comparatively rare. These low abundance variants comprise the long tail of the CRISPR-Cas distribution in prokaryotes and their viruses, and remain to be characterized experimentally.
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