ReviewJournal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS2025
Between Prometheus and Thanatos: Reflections on Intracardiac Injection Models for Metastasis in Mice.
Review in Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Animal models and pathogenesis of gastric cancer: from premalignant conditions-to-metastasis.Cancer biology & medicine · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Intracardiac injection is a commonly used method to establish experimental metastases in mice, particularly in models of breast and prostate cancer. This technique enables rapid dissemination of tumor cells to the skeleton and brain but carries significant animal welfare concerns due to high rates of morbidity, including paralysis, weight loss, and multiorgan failure. This narrative review evaluates the welfare implications of the intracardiac model, synthesizing data from preclinical studies. Alternative techniques, such as intratibial, caudal artery, intracarotid, and intracranial injection, are compared in terms of procedural refinement, disease localization, survival time, and humane endpoints. These methods offer improvements in reproducibility and welfare while maintaining relevance to metastasis research. We discuss how these refinements can reduce animal burden and improve model selection in line with the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement).
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.