Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41197866›Full record

ReviewChest2026

Examining the Threat of H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza to Human Health.

Juliette Blais-Savoie, Emily Halajian, Kuganya Nirmalarajah, Andra Banete, Juan C Corredor, Jonathon D Kotwa, Yaejin Lee, Sugandha Raj, Shayan Sharif, Nicole Mideo and 1 more

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Chest, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Juliette Blais-SavoieSunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Emily HalajianSunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Kuganya NirmalarajahSunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Andra BaneteSunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Juan C CorredorSunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Jonathon D KotwaSunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Yaejin LeeSunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Sugandha RajDepartment of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
Shayan SharifDepartment of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
Nicole MideoDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Samira MubarekaSunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. Electronic address: samira.mubareka@sunnybrook.ca.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

topic importanceThe clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus H5N1 is the etiologic agent for an ongoing panzootic with a rapidly increasing number of human infections. Although morbidity and mortality in humans with this clade seems to be limited to date, previous HPAI H5N1 viruses have been associated with mortality rates of approximately 50% in humans. Not all cases of clade 2.3.4.4b influenza A(H5N1) HPAI in humans have been associated with known exposure to infected animals. Therefore, clinicians must be aware of the changing viral ecology, human risk factors, and clinical presentations associated with H5N1 viruses to facilitate early case recognition and management of clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1) HPAI infection in humans. REVIEW

findingsHistoric H5N1 presentations have involved multiorgan systemic disease, notably including severe neurological disease. Common symptoms associated with clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1) HPAI include conjunctivitis, fever, and upper respiratory tract infection. Exposure to infected dairy cattle is a novel risk factor. SUMMARY: The rapid global spread of clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1) viruses has been associated with severe disease and high mortality in many farmed animal species and wildlife. The composite picture of emerging risk to human health comprises an unprecedented number of mammalian infections, viral adaptations to mammalian hosts, severe neuroinvasive disease in naturally infected mammals, and spillover into novel species such as dairy cows with forward transmission to humans. Preparedness measures are crucial to mitigating significant human health impacts from this virus and must include a Canadian One Health Training Program in Emerging Zoonoses approach that promotes both animal and human health.

Indexed as

Influenza A Virus, H5N1 SubtypeInfluenza, HumanInfluenza in BirdsAnimalsBirdsHumansRisk FactorsZoonosesacute respiratory infectionclade 2.3.4.4bemerging pathogensH5N1H5NxOne Healthviral zoonoses

Identifiers

PMID41197866
PMCPMC13084735

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.