ArticleHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2025
Trends and disparities in the research and development of infectious disease vaccines from 2015 to 2025.
Article in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Vaccines in 2025: What Is New in Vaccine Advocacy?Vaccines · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Research assessing the dynamic landscape of infectious disease vaccine candidates has been limited. We extracted comprehensive data on vaccine candidates through the Pharmcube system as of March 21, 2025, to analyze the latest trends and disparities in the research and development (R&D) landscape for infectious disease vaccines since 2015. The global vaccine R&D landscape comprises 919 candidates. The top three diseases targeted for vaccine R&D are COVID-19 (245 candidates), influenza (118 candidates), and HIV (68 candidates). Among these, 25% (231 candidates) are nucleic acid vaccines, followed by recombinant protein vaccines (125 candidates) and viral vector vaccines (73 candidates). More than 50% of the candidates are in the pre-phase II stage, while nearly 15% are in phase II (144 candidates) or phase III (137 candidates). Of the 36 countries or territories reporting vaccine candidates, China leads with 313 candidates, followed by the USA with 276 candidates and the UK with 63 candidates. The majority of the candidates are being developed independently or collaboratively by private companies/industry in China (289 candidates), France (30 candidates), the Republic of Korea (27 candidates), Germany (26 candidates), the USA (217 candidates), and the UK (43 candidates). The USA, France, and the Republic of Korea mainly predominantly develop mRNA vaccines, while China primarily develops recombinant protein vaccines, and the UK focuses on viral vector vaccines. Strengthening interagency and international cooperation, along with implementing supportive policies, may be effective in accelerating R&D for infectious diseases in the future.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.