Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41196536›Full record

ArticleAnnals of surgical oncology2026

Breast Reconstruction for Inflammatory Breast Cancer: Improving Patient-Reported Outcomes in a High-Risk Population.

Yizhuo Shen, Goutam K Gadiraju, Renee Gao, Anne Marie Raymakers, Matthew Prospero, Sean Yonamine, Finn Tobias, Faina Nakhlis, Justin M Broyles

Abstract read
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Article in Annals of surgical oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Yizhuo ShenDivision of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Goutam K GadirajuDivision of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Renee GaoDivision of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Anne Marie RaymakersDivision of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Matthew ProsperoDivision of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Sean YonamineBloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Finn TobiasDivision of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Faina NakhlisBreast Oncology Program, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.
Justin M BroylesDivision of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. jbroyles@bwh.harvard.edu.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundInflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is an aggressive form of breast cancer that requires extensive multimodal treatment, which poses unique reconstructive challenges. Despite advances in trimodal therapy, optimal timing and outcomes of breast reconstruction in IBC remain poorly characterized. This study aims to evaluate clinical outcomes, complications, and patient-reported outcomes associated with delayed breast reconstruction in patients with IBC.

methodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with stage III IBC who completed trimodal therapy between 1997 and 2023 using an institutional IBC database. Clinical and oncologic outcomes were analyzed. Reconstruction-specific outcomes were assessed through chart review of patients undergoing delayed autologous reconstruction (predominantly DIEP and latissimus dorsi flaps). Patient-reported outcomes were evaluated by using BREAST-Q scales pre- and post-reconstruction, with comparisons to non-IBC comparison groups.

resultsOf 248 eligible patients with stage III IBC, 49 (19.8%) underwent delayed breast reconstruction, predominantly autologous (87.8%). Reconstruction was associated with younger age (45.4 vs. 51.3 years, odds ratio [OR] = 0.95, p < 0.01), lower BMI (28.3 vs. 30.7, OR = 0.93, p = 0.04), and fewer comorbidities (0.7 vs. 1.1, OR = 0.61, p < 0.01). No reconstructed patients experienced recurrence within 1 year post-mastectomy, aligning with guidelines recommending delayed reconstruction. Reconstruction-specific complication rates were comparable to existing literature. BREAST-Q scores significantly improved post-reconstruction, with IBC cohort achieving satisfaction and quality-of-life outcomes comparable to non-IBC controls.

conclusionsDelayed breast reconstruction is safe and effective in carefully selected patients with stage III IBC. Reconstruction offers significant psychosocial benefits without compromising oncologic outcomes. These findings corroborate current guidelines and provide valuable evidence for patient counseling and surgical decision-making.

Indexed as

Inflammatory Breast NeoplasmsMammaplastyPatient Reported Outcome MeasuresPostoperative ComplicationsSurgical FlapsAdultAgedFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansMastectomyMiddle AgedPrognosisQuality of LifeRetrospective StudiesBreast cancerBreast reconstructionInflammatory breast cancerPatient-reported outcomesSurgical complications

Identifiers

PMID41196536

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.