ReviewCureus2025
Immunotherapy in Early Parkinson's Disease: A Biomarker-Driven Trial Framework for Secondary Prevention.
Review in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Genetic architecture and molecular pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease: emerging mechanisms and therapeutic targets.Metabolic brain disease · 2026Review
- From synaptic development to degeneration: a narrative review of small molecule strategies targeting alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease.Metabolic brain disease · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by α-synuclein aggregation and progressive dopaminergic neuron loss that begins years before motor symptoms appear. This prolonged premotor phase creates an opportunity for intervention before extensive neurodegeneration. Biomarkers, including α-synuclein seed amplification assays, standardized peripheral tissue biopsies (e.g., skin biopsies for phosphorylated α-syn), neuroimaging, fluid biomarkers, genetics, and digital measures, now detect prodromal PD biology in at-risk individuals and enable secondary-prevention-style trials. Immunotherapy targeting misfolded α-synuclein is a leading disease-modification strategy. Passive approaches (monoclonal antibodies) and active vaccines have shown target engagement in preclinical models and early trials. Phase 1/2 α-synuclein antibody trials have shown mainly mild-to-moderate infusion reactions and no reproducible CNS inflammatory toxicity. Although primary efficacy endpoints have not yet been achieved overall, prasinezumab has indicated exploratory slowing in faster progressors and digital measures. MEDI1341 has demonstrated Phase 1 target engagement with acceptable safety, and Lu AF82422 has shown Phase 1 target engagement, along with promising subgroup trends in MSA, and scheduled Phase 3. Meanwhile, cinpanemab was negative. However, signals of slowed progression in subgroups underscore the importance of treating earlier and selecting patients with biomarker-confirmed pathology. This review synthesizes evidence supporting early, biomarker-anchored intervention and the status of α-synuclein immunotherapies. Treating PD at the prodromal stage aims to preserve vulnerable neurons and alter the disease course; continued advances in biomarkers and trial design are essential to realize this potential. We emphasize biomarkers that verify α-synuclein pathology during the asymptomatic phase and argue for a secondary-prevention model that treats the underlying biology before symptoms to maximize disease-modifying potential. We also propose a practical, biomarker-guided trial blueprint for secondary prevention, with explicit screening funnels and endpoint hierarchies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.