ArticleThe breast journal2025
Clinical Characteristics and Independent Risk Factors for Pathologic Nipple Discharge of 375 Cases.
Article in The breast journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: While the characteristics of pathologic nipple discharge (PND) are well documented in the literature, comparative clinical and risk factor analyses across different pathologic subtypes are lacking. Methods: Medical records of patients with nipple discharge were retrospectively retrieved from an electronic medical record database and analyzed. In this study, 375 patients with a postoperative pathologically confirmed diagnosis of PND were included. Results: Age serves as an important independent risk factor for precancerous lesions and breast cancer, with the median age increasing alongside the severity of the pathology. Individuals under 45 years of age predominantly exhibited non-neoplastic and benign neoplastic lesions, whereas those over 45 were more likely to have precancerous lesions or breast cancer, with statistical significance ( Conclusion: These results suggest the clinical characteristics of PND patients across four pathological types: non-neoplastic lesions, benign neoplastic lesions, precancerous lesions, and breast cancer, at the same time emphasizing the importance of age and discharge color as independent risk factors in the prognosis and management of nipple discharge.
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