ArticleFrontiers in immunology2025
Insufficient immune protection in preterm infants due to delayed or incomplete hexavalent vaccination.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Immunization Status and Effectiveness Analysis of Hepatitis B Vaccine Among Preterm Infants in Fujian Province, 2022-2023.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Article
- Risk factors and outcomes of delayed completion of the hexavalent 3 + 1 immunisation series in German preterm infants - an observational study.Molecular and cellular pediatrics · 2026Article
- CYP450 Constraints in Infants: A Multidomain Convergence Framework for Investigating Mechanistic Vulnerability.International journal of medical sciences · 2026Review
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19 authors.
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Abstract
Introduction: For preterm infants, a 3 + 1 schedule is recommended for hexavalent vaccinations during the first year. The aim of this study was to analyze completion and timeliness of vaccinations in preterm infants of 28 + 0 - 32 + 6 weeks of gestation as part of the PRIMAL study (PRiming of IMmunity At the beginning of Life) and the antibody responses to vaccination antigens. Methods: Plasma antibody-concentrations against poliomyelitis, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), diphtheria and tetanus were determined using ELISA and evaluated with respect to their protectiveness. Results: Among 82 patients that were recruited, paired plasma samples on admission and at the one year follow up visit were available in 41 infants. In 17 infants, plasma samples were also collected at two months, prior to the first vaccination. Transplacental antibody transfer yielded protective antibody concentrations against the vaccine antigens in 66% (Hib) to 93% (tetanus) of the infants on admission and in 24% (Polio) to 50% (diphtheria) at 2 months. At the one-year follow-up, all infants who received their vaccinations on time had complete immune protection. However, after one year, hexavalent vaccination was incomplete in 30 of 41 infants (73%). Among incompletely vaccinated infants, the proportion lacking protective antibody concentrations ranged from 12% for diphtheria to 27% for polio. Conclusions: Due to insufficient adherence to vaccination recommendations, 42% of highly vulnerable preterm neonates were insufficiently protected against one or more vaccine-preventable diseases after one year. Efforts should be increased to improve adherence to the recommended 3 + 1 vaccination schedule in preterm infants.
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