ArticleFrontiers in pharmacology2025
Lithium chloride modulates macrophage polarization and enhances bone defect healing in the induced membrane technique by activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
Article in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Biomaterial strategies for precision regeneration of the tooth extraction socket: integrating site phenotype, pathological microenvironment, and healing sequence.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: The induced membrane technique (IMT) has become an effective method for treating bone defects; however, its efficacy is influenced by various factors. As an agonist of the Wnt/β-catenin cascade, lithium chloride (LiCl) has demonstrated notable osteogenic efficacy in recent years. Our current study systematically evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of LiCl in IMT-mediated bone reconstruction and the potential mechanisms by which it regulates macrophage polarization, osteoblast proliferation, and differentiation. Methods: Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 3 separate groups: high-dose LiCl (H-LiCl), low-dose LiCl (L-LiCl), and control group. A femoral bone defect model was established, and a PMMA spacer was subsequently implanted into the defect site in the first stage. After induced membrane formation, autologous bone grafts were implanted in the second stage. After 12 weeks, bone defect healing was evaluated by X-ray, micro-CT, and histological detection. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Immunohistochemical staining were used to evaluate the inflammatory cytokines in the induced membranes (IMs). Meanwhile, co-culture system consisting of RAW264.7 cells and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) was used to assess the effects of LiCl on cell proliferation, macrophage polarization, osteogenic differentiation, and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway Results: The high-dose LiCl group showed significant improvements in bone density, bone volume/total volume (BV/TV), and trabecular structure, exhibiting better bone repair outcomes. Conclusion: LiCl significantly improved bone regeneration and mineralization during bone defect repair by promoting M2 macrophage polarization, activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and enhancing BMSCs differentiation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.