ArticleJournal of animal science and biotechnology2025
Glutathione mitigates hypoxia-induced gill damage in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) by alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy.
Article in Journal of animal science and biotechnology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Dietary riboflavin blocks the cGAS-STING pathway to curb hypoxia-induced hepatic inflammation in sub-adult grass carp (Animal nutrition (Zhongguo xu mu shou yi xue hui) · 2026Article
- Glutathione mitigates hypoxia-induced gill damage in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) by alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy.Journal of animal science and biotechnology · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundEnvironmental hypoxia is a common phenomenon in aquaculture, which causes gill tissue injury in fish. Glutathione (GSH) is a vital antioxidant in animal tissues, and its levels decrease under hypoxic conditions. However, the effects of glutathione on fish under hypoxic stress remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the impact of glutathione on gill tissue damage in fish under hypoxic stress and explore the underlying mechanisms.
methodsSix experimental diets with varying glutathione concentrations. The actual glutathione levels in these diets, measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, were 0.00, 145.95, 291.90, 437.85, 583.80, and 729.75 mg/kg, respectively. Fish were fed these diets for 70 d, after which a 96-h hypoxic stress experiment was conducted. The experiment was set up with normoxic and hypoxic groups, in which the dissolved oxygen in the group was 6 mg/L, and that in the group was 1 mg/L.
resultsThis research revealed that glutathione could enhance the growth performance and antioxidant capability of juvenile grass carp while mitigating the structural damage to gill tissues induced by hypoxia stress. Mechanistic investigations further indicated that glutathione mitigated hypoxia-induced oxidative injury in gill tissues and improved their antioxidant capacity. In addition, glutathione attenuated gill apoptosis induced by hypoxia stress. Glutathione also inhibited the initiation, nucleation, elongation, and degradation phases of autophagy, thereby attenuating hypoxia-induced gill autophagy. Moreover, glutathione was found to alleviate hypoxia-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in gills, a response potentially linked to the suppression of PERK, IRE1, and ATF6 signaling pathways. Finally, based on the ROS and PC contents in gill tissue, the optimum glutathione supplementation levels for juvenile grass carp under hypoxia stress were 437.10 and 495.00 mg/kg, respectively.
conclusionsIn conclusion, our experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of glutathione in alleviating gill tissue damage caused by hypoxic stress. This study confirms the feasibility and effectiveness of dietary glutathione addition to alleviate hypoxic stress in fish.
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