ArticleCommunications biology2025
Longitudinal development of sex differences in the limbic system is associated with age, puberty and mental health.
Article in Communications biology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Sex-stratified insights into the genetics of brain volumes in late adulthood.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Association Between Psychological Distress and Sleep Quality in Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study in Zhejiang, China.Metabolites · 2026Article
- White matter functional connectome topology and its clinical correlations in adolescent major depressive disorder.Psychoradiology · 2026Article
- Inter- and intra-individual differences in brain sex map to neuroendocrine profiles.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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Abstract
Sex differences in mental health become more evident across adolescence, with a two-fold increase of prevalence of mood disorders in females compared to males. The brain underpinnings remain understudied. Here, we investigated the role of age, puberty and mental health in determining the longitudinal development of sex differences in brain structure. We captured sex differences in limbic and non-limbic structures using machine learning models trained in cross-sectional brain imaging data of 1132 youths, yielding limbic and non-limbic estimates of brain sex. Applied to two independent longitudinal samples (total: 8184 youths), our models revealed pronounced sex differences in brain structure with increasing age. For females, brain sex was sensitive to pubertal development (menarche) over time and, for limbic structures, to mood-related mental health. Our findings highlight the limbic system as a key contributor to the development of sex differences in the brain and the potential of machine learning models for brain sex classification to investigate sex-specific processes relevant to mental health.
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