ReviewEinstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil)2025
HPV-independent vulvar squamous cell carcinoma: a case report and review of the literature.
Review in Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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Abstract
Vulvar cancer, a rare gynecological malignancy, accounts for 3-5% of cases and is most commonly squamous cell carcinoma. Prognosis is poorer in cancers unrelated to human papillomavirus (HPV), often associated with chronic inflammation. We report the case of a 42-year-old woman from São Paulo, Brazil, who presented with a vulvar lesion initially misdiagnosed as an ingrown hair. Despite treatment, the lesion progressed, and subsequent evaluation revealed invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Biopsy confirmed HPV-independent disease, with immunohistochemistry demonstrating aberrant p53 expression. Molecular analysis identified differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, underscoring the distinct molecular pathways of HPV-related and HPV-independent carcinogenesis. This case emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis, comprehensive histopathological assessment, and further research to improve management and outcomes in HPV-independent vulvar cancer.
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