Observational studyFrontiers in immunology2025
Immune checkpoint-based biomarkers for therapeutic response in patients with multiple sclerosis.
Observational study in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Immune Checkpoint Signatures Reveal Stage-Specific Biomarkers for High-Activity Multiple Sclerosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Although numerous disease-modifying treatments have been introduced for multiple sclerosis (MS), approximately 25% of patients experience therapeutic failure. This underscores the urgent need for reliable, minimally invasive biomarkers to predict treatment response at early stages. This study aimed to investigate 22 circulating immune cell subpopulations and their immune checkpoint (IC) expression profiles to identify early immunological biomarkers indicative of therapeutic failure in MS patients. Methods: In this observational and prospective study, 119 patients with relapsing-remitting MS were enrolled, including 69 responders and 50 non-responders, and 29 healthy controls. Spectral flow cytometry was used to immunophenotype 22 immune cell subpopulations and quantify the expression of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory ICs before and at three months post-treatment initiation. Their correlation with therapeutic response over 12 months in MS patients was also analyzed. The response to treatment was evaluated using the No Evidence of Disease Activity composite, which includes clinical relapses, new lesions on MRI and progression of motor disability. Results: We identified differential IC expression patterns between MS patients and healthy controls, revealing specific ICs involved in the disease. Within the MS cohort, we observed differences between treatment responders and non-responders. Responders exhibited higher CD70 expression on Natural Killer Discussion: These findings highlight that specific immune cell subpopulations and their IC expression profiles can serve as valuable, early, and minimally invasive immunological markers for predicting therapeutic response in MS patients.
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