Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41190049›Full record

ArticleBMJ public health2025

Health disparities in complicated lower respiratory tract infections: a population-based cohort study in The Hague, The Netherlands.

Ernst D van Dokkum, Martijn Sijbom, Saskia le Cessie, Dennis O Mook-Kanamori, Marc A Bruijnzeels, Adriënne S van der Schoor, Karlijn Te Paske, Kirsten Langeveld, Leo G Visser, Mattijs E Numans and 2 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMJ public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Ernst D van DokkumDepartment of Public Health and Primary Care, Health Campus The Hague, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2583-2892
Martijn SijbomDepartment of Public Health and Primary Care, Health Campus The Hague, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Saskia le CessieDepartment of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Dennis O Mook-KanamoriDepartment of Public Health and Primary Care, Health Campus The Hague, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Marc A BruijnzeelsDepartment of Public Health and Primary Care, Health Campus The Hague, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Adriënne S van der SchoorDepartment of Public Health and Primary Care, Health Campus The Hague, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Karlijn Te PaskeInfectious Disease Control, Public Health Service Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands.
Kirsten LangeveldDepartment of Public Health and Primary Care, Health Campus The Hague, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Leo G VisserLUCID, Subdepartment of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Mattijs E NumansDepartment of Public Health and Primary Care, Health Campus The Hague, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Cees van NieuwkoopDepartment of Public Health and Primary Care, Health Campus The Hague, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0734-0844
Hanneke BorgdorffDepartment of Public Health and Primary Care, Health Campus The Hague, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: International studies show that ethnic minority groups and individuals with lower socioeconomic status (SES) face higher severity of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). It is unclear whether these associations exist in the Netherlands and to what extent they are mediated through comorbidities and household composition. Our study investigates the relationship between sociodemographic factors and complicated LRTI before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in The Hague, the Netherlands. Methods: A population-based cohort study was conducted using sociodemographic and insurance claims data from Statistics Netherlands, covering The Hague's adult population in 2014-2019 (pre-COVID-19) and 2020 (COVID-19). The associations of structural determinants (age, sex, SES, migration background) and intermediary determinants (comorbidities, household composition) on complicated LRTI incidence and mortality were assessed using Poisson regression models. Complicated LRTI episodes were defined as hospital admission or death within 14 days after an emergency department visit. Results: In 2014-2019, individuals in the lowest SES quintile displayed the highest incidence of complicated LRTI (adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) 2.26 (95% CI 1.98 to 2.57)), and LRTI-associated mortality (aIRR 3.49 (95% CI 2.28 to 5.34)), compared with the highest SES quintile, after adjusting for structural and intermediary determinants. Similar associations were observed in 2020 with those in the lowest SES quintile displaying the highest complicated LRTI incidence (aIRR 1.47 (95% CI 1.21 to 1.77)). Individuals without a migration background were most affected in 2014-2019, while individuals with a migration background were more impacted in 2020. Individuals with a Moroccan (aIRR 3.19 (95% CI 2.63 to 3.89)) or Turkish (aIRR 2.83 (95% CI 2.35 to 3.40)) background showed the highest complicated LRTI incidence rates in 2020. Conclusions: Lower SES was consistently associated with a higher incidence of complicated LRTI. Populations with a migration background were particularly vulnerable during the pandemic. These findings underscore the need to consider SES and migration background in targeted treatment, prevention and population health strategies.

Indexed as

COVID-19EpidemiologyPublic HealthSociodemographic Factors

Identifiers

PMID41190049
PMCPMC12581052

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.