ArticleFrontiers in public health2025
Exploring Saudi Arabia's care economy in health, education, and social care: a textual analysis using the care diamond framework.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Saudi mothers' experiences of caregiving within the care economy: a care diamond analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Beyond health economics: economic growth, artificial intelligence, and environmental externalities in shaping life expectancy.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
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Abstract
Objective: The study delineated the care economy in the context of Saudi Arabia by systematically exploring its structure, coordination, and challenges, focusing on healthcare, education, and social care through Razavi's Care Diamond framework. Methods: A qualitative design with deductive textual analysis was employed to analyse 40 sources (34 webpages, 6 policy documents) from the state, market, community, and family sectors. Purposive sampling identified materials most likely to provide policy-relevant insights. Braun and Clarke's six-phase thematic analysis guided coding, with NVivo used to organize and synthesise sectoral roles, overlaps, and gaps. Results: The study identified five interrelated themes: (1) absence of a formal care economy structure, with the concept absent from policy discourse; (2) state dominance as the primary architect of care across all domains, but with fragmented coordination; (3) market sector participation concentrated in high-cost healthcare, with minimal education and no social care involvement; (4) family's critical but unrecognized role, particularly unpaid caregiving by women, indirectly addressed through employment subsidies; and (5) community sector contributions filling care gaps but remaining inconsistent and under-supported. The analysis revealed strong state control but weak integration across sectors, resulting in duplication, inefficiencies, and the marginalisation of unpaid and community-based care. Conclusion: Saudi Arabia's care economy is characterised by state dominance, sectoral imbalance, and fragmented delivery. Formal recognition of all four care diamond sectors, integration of unpaid care into policy, and cross-sectoral coordination are essential to achieving Vision 2030 goals.
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