ArticleCureus2025
Uncovering Gender Dimensions in Antimicrobial Resistance: A 10-Year Study of Clinical Bacterial Isolates in Uganda.
Article in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- A five-year retrospective analysis of antimicrobial resistance patterns in clinical bacterial isolates from the Jazeera University Laboratory in Mogadishu, Somalia.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Recurrent urinary tract infection: Effect of glycemic status, disease severity and antimicrobial response in wasit, Iraq a prospective comparative cohort study.The journal of medicine accessArticle
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
backgroundAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) and multidrug resistance (MDR) are escalating global health threats, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Understanding gender-specific resistance patterns is essential for inclusive antimicrobial stewardship and gender-targeted interventions.
objectiveThis study aimed to investigate gender-specific trends in AMR and MDR among clinical bacterial isolates collected from Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital, Uganda, within a 10-year period (2014-2024).
methodsA total of 4,170 non-duplicate clinical isolates subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) were retrospectively analyzed. Gender-specific resistance patterns were calculated and compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Chi-square, and Fisher's exact test. All analyses were performed in Python (Google Colab).
resultsAmong all isolates, 92.7% were resistant to at least one antibiotic, while 71.6% were multidrug resistant. While resistance appeared higher in female-submitted isolates in unadjusted analysis, adjusted models showed that urinary AMR was significantly higher among reproductive-age women (OR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.22-1.57), while non-urine AMR was elevated in male-submitted specimens from children (OR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.20-1.76) and adults aged ≥50 (OR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.13-1.63). MDR showed distinct organism-gender associations: it was more common in male-associated urinary
conclusionThis study reveals distinct gender disparities in AMR and MDR patterns, structured by age, specimen type, and organism. These findings support the integration of gender-sensitive variables such as pregnancy status, contraceptive use, and care-seeking behavior to better explain resistance pathways and support gender-responsive AMR control in LMICs.
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