ArticleCureus2025
Interaction Effects of Diabetes and Depression on Hypertension Among US Adults: A Cohort Study.
Article in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHypertension, depression, and diabetes are major public health concerns that are closely interlinked. This study examined the independent associations of depression and diabetes with hypertension, as well as their combined effects, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2005 and 2018.
methodsData from NHANES 2005-2018 were analyzed for diabetes, depression, hypertension, and potential confounders. Weighted multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the associations of depression and diabetes with hypertension, with subgroup analyses by depression severity. Additive interaction effects of depression and diabetes on hypertension were evaluated using the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), attributable proportion (AP), and synergy index (SI).
resultsA total of 29,747 participants were included, of whom 10,682 (35.9%) had hypertension. Diabetes was associated with a significantly higher risk of hypertension (odds ratio (OR) = 2.67, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.40-2.96). Depression was also associated with an increased risk of hypertension (OR = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.48-1.94). Significant additive interaction effects were observed between depression and diabetes on hypertension risk (RERI = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.01-0.48; AP = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.04-0.36; SI = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.04-1.82).
conclusionDepression and diabetes demonstrated a synergistic interaction in increasing the risk of hypertension, particularly in patients with moderate depression. These findings highlight the importance of integrated management of mental health and diabetes to prevent or mitigate hypertension.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.