Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41188801›Full record

SynthesisBMC ophthalmology2025

Risk factors for glaucoma in nanophthalmos - a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Sharmila Rajendrababu, Tos T J M Berendschot, Vijayalakshmi A Senthilkumar, Balasubramaniam Niranjana, Mythiri Rao, Udhayakumar Maghalakshmi, Mani Iswarya, Thandavarayan Kumaragurupari, Selvaraj Jerrome, Carroll A B Webers

Abstract readSystematic ReviewMeta-Analysis
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in BMC ophthalmology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Sharmila RajendrababuGlaucoma Services, Aravind Eye Hospital, No.72, Kuruvikaran Salai, Gandhi Nagar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625020, India. shamsreddy@aravind.org.
Tos T J M BerendschotMaastricht University Medical Centre+, University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Vijayalakshmi A SenthilkumarGlaucoma Services, Aravind Eye Hospital, No.72, Kuruvikaran Salai, Gandhi Nagar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625020, India.
Balasubramaniam NiranjanaGlaucoma Services, Aravind Eye Hospital, No.72, Kuruvikaran Salai, Gandhi Nagar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625020, India.
Mythiri RaoGlaucoma Services, Aravind Eye Hospital, No.72, Kuruvikaran Salai, Gandhi Nagar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625020, India.
Udhayakumar MaghalakshmiGlaucoma Services, Aravind Eye Hospital, No.72, Kuruvikaran Salai, Gandhi Nagar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625020, India.
Mani IswaryaLions Aravind Institute of Community Ophthalmology, Aravind Eye Care System, Madurai, India.
Thandavarayan KumaragurupariAravind Eye Hospitals & Postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Madurai, India.
Selvaraj JerromeLions Aravind Institute of Community Ophthalmology, Aravind Eye Care System, Madurai, India.
Carroll A B WebersMaastricht University Medical Centre+, University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundNanophthalmos, a rare ocular condition characterized by small but structurally normal eyes, presents a high risk for developing angle-closure glaucoma and related complications. Accurate estimation of glaucoma prevalence and identification of predictive risk factors are essential for guiding early diagnosis and tailored interventions in this anatomically vulnerable population. Therefore, the current systematic review and meta-analysis synthesizes existing evidence on the associated clinical and biometric risk factors for glaucoma in nanophthalmic eyes.

methodsFollowing PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a comprehensive literature search in PubMed and the Cochrane Library for studies published between January 2000 and December 2023. Eligible studies included investigations reporting biometric data in nanophthalmic eyes. Data were extracted on demographics, clinical parameters, and risk factors. Meta-analyses using random-effects models were conducted to estimate pooled prevalence and assess heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression explored sources of variability. The risk of bias was assessed using NIH quality tools.

resultsA total of 44 studies involving 1,397 eyes from 1,078 patients were included. The pooled prevalence of glaucoma in nanophthalmos was estimated at 51.88% (95% CI: 33.33-70.43; I² = 88.57%). Meta-regression revealed that higher intraocular pressure (IOP) at presentation was significantly associated with increased glaucoma prevalence, while shorter axial length (AL) was inversely associated. Other biometric factors, such as anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, and spherical equivalent, were variably reported but commonly showed anatomical crowding. Acute angle-closure glaucoma emerged as the most frequently observed complication. No publication bias was detected.

conclusionOver half of the eyes with nanophthalmos are affected by glaucoma, with elevated IOP and short axial length serving as major risk factors. These findings emphasize the need for early biometric screening, vigilant monitoring, and individualized anatomy-based management strategies to prevent irreversible vision loss among nanophthalmic patients.

trial registrationInternational prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO) - CRD42024522578.

Indexed as

GlaucomaGlaucoma, Angle-ClosureIntraocular PressureMicrophthalmosGlobal HealthHumansPrevalenceRisk FactorsGlaucomaMeta-analysisMeta-regressionNanophthalmosRisk factors

Identifiers

PMID41188801
PMCPMC12584219

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.