ArticleBMC infectious diseases2025
Effects of the non-pharmaceutical interventions during the COVID-19 epidemic on hand, foot and mouth disease in Qingdao, China.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Spatiotemporal epidemiology and SARIMA-based forecasting of hand, foot, and mouth disease outbreak clusters in Beijing, 2019-2024.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
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7 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundSince December 2019, COVID-19 has spread rapidly, leading to a global epidemic. The non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were implemented to control the transmission of COVID-19. Previous studies have shown that NPIs have co-benefits for the prevention of other infectious diseases. This study aimed to explore the impact of the NPIs on Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Qingdao, China.
methodsMonthly reported HFMD cases and pathogens information during 2010-2023 in Qingdao were collected from the China Notifiable Disease Surveillance System. Descriptive epidemiology method was adopted to describe the epidemic trend of HFMD. The seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model was used to estimate the monthly HFMD cases during the COVID-19 period, and assessed the effect of NPIs on HFMD by different years and response levels. The effects across different subgroups stratified by gender and ages were also explored.
resultsDescriptive analysis showed that there were significant differences in the epidemic trend and main pathogens before and after the outbreak of COVID-19. A total of 10,170 cases were reported from 2020 to 2022, with an average decrease of 69.61% compared to the average cases from 2010 to 2019. We confirmed the optimal SARIMA (1,0,1)(1,1,0)
conclusionsThe implementations of NPIs during the COVID-19 pandemic effectively reduced the spread of HFMD. Hence, strengthening public health intervention remains a priority measure for preventing HFMD.
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