Advanced control strategy based on hybrid energy storage system for frequency stability of interconnected power system with high renewables penetration.

This paper presents a novel strategy to achieve adjustable frequency stability in hybrid interconnected power systems with high penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs). The considered system incorporates real-world RESs data to emulate practical grid operation, addressing the challenges posed by RESs variability and intermittency more realistically than previous works. The proposed approach integrates a hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs) with load frequency control (LFC) based on a proportional derivative-proportional integral (PD-PI) controller. The HESSs leverage the complementary strengths of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) units, with PEVs providing long-term energy balancing and SMES ensuring rapid transient response. The PD-PI controller is applied to simultaneously manage both LFC and HESSs operation, with its parameters optimally tuned using the electric eel foraging optimizer (EEFO) to ensure precise and effective controller. Comparative analyses demonstrate that the PD-PI controller significantly outperforms traditional proportional integral derivative (PID) controllers in maintaining frequency stability under high-RESs penetration and load disturbances. Specifically, the proposed strategy improves system performance by 55% compared to SMES-based PD-PI controllers and by 45% compared to PEVs-based PD-PI controllers. While the approach is most effective in hybrid systems with available PEVs infrastructure and SMES units, its applicability may be limited in power systems lacking such resources or facing large-scale, long-duration disturbances. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the proposed strategy has been validated under cyber attack conditions ,and system parameters variations. Overall, the findings confirm the critical role of the proposed strategy in mitigating frequency fluctuations during periods of high renewable energy penetration, thereby offering a robust solution for the challenges faced by modern power systems.