ArticleNeurotoxicology2025
DDT exposure induces microglial activation and disease-associated microglial signatures: Relevance to mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease.
Article in Neurotoxicology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Edaravone provides neuroprotection against chronic heat stress-induced behavioral dysfunction through adaptive proteomic remodeling.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
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7 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundAlzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of amyloid-β plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuroinflammation. Previously, we reported that serum levels of dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), the primary metabolite of the pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), were significantly higher in AD patients compared to age-matched controls and that DDT exposure worsened AD pathology in animal models.
objectiveHere, we investigated the effect of DDT on neuroinflammation in primary mouse microglia (PMG) and C57BL/6J mice.
methodsDDT-induced inflammatory and disease-associated microglial (DAM) gene expression were determined in PMG by qPCR and immunocytochemistry, with and without pretreatment with the sodium channel antagonist tetrodotoxin (TTX). Furthermore, 4-5-month-old C57BL/6J mice received a single oral dose of 30 mg/kg DDT for 24 h, and the hippocampal and frontal cortical expression of proinflammatory and DAM genes was measured.
resultsPMG exposed to DDT (0.5-5.0 µM) elicited a concentration-dependent upregulation in Il-1b, Il-6, Nos2, and Tnfa mRNA levels. These effects were blocked by TTX, demonstrating the role of DDT-microglial sodium channel interactions in mediating this response. C57BL/6J mice exposed to DDT demonstrated significantly increased Nos2, Il-1b, and Il-6 mRNA in the frontal cortex (1.5-2.3-fold), and Nos2, Il-1b, and Tnfa (1.5-1.8-fold) in the hippocampus. Furthermore, microglial homeostatic genes were downregulated, while stage-1 DAM genes were upregulated both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, Apoe and Trem2 were only upregulated in the females.
conclusionThese data indicate that DDT increases neuroinflammation, which may result from direct actions of DDT on microglia, providing a novel pathway by which DDT may contribute to AD risk.
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