ArticlePLoS genetics2025
A Y-linked duplication of anti-Mullerian hormone is the sex determination gene in threespine stickleback.
Article in PLoS genetics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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2 citing papers in PubMed.
- RNA interference-mediated silencing of amh reveals its regulatory role in gonadal development and sex hormone synthesis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).Fish physiology and biochemistry · 2026Article
- Sry-modified laboratory rat lines to study sex-chromosome effects underlying sex differences in physiology and disease: Four Core Genotypes and more.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
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Abstract
Many taxa have independently evolved genetic sex determination where a single gene located on a sex chromosome controls gonadal differentiation. The gene anti-Mullerian hormone (amh) has convergently evolved as a sex determination gene in numerous vertebrate species, but how this gene has repeatedly evolved this novel function is not well understood. In the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), amh was duplicated onto the Y chromosome (amhy) ~22 million years ago. To determine whether amhy is the primary sex determination gene, we used CRISPR/Cas9 and transgenesis to show that amhy is necessary and sufficient for male sex determination, consistent with the function of a primary sex determination gene. We find that amhy contributes to a higher total dosage of amh early in development and likely contributes to differential germ cell proliferation key to sex determination. The creation of sex-reversed lines also allowed us to investigate the genetic basis of secondary sex characteristics. Threespine stickleback have striking differences in behavior and morphology between sexes. Here we show one of the classic traits important for reproductive success, blue male nuptial coloration, is controlled by both sex-linked genetic factors as well as hormonal factors independent of sex chromosome genotype. This research establishes stickleback as a model to investigate how amh regulates gonadal development and how this gene repeatedly evolves novel function in sex determination. Analogous to the "Four Core Genotypes" model in house mice, sex-reversed threespine stickleback offer a new vertebrate model for investigating the separate contributions of gonadal sex and sex chromosomes to sexual dimorphism.
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