ReviewVeterinary research communications2025
Progesterone-mediated immunomodulation in ruminant early pregnancy: mechanisms and implications for bovine fertility.
Review in Veterinary research communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Progesterone, traditionally recognized for maintaining the gestational environment, also plays a pivotal immunomodulatory role essential for successful pregnancy in bovine species. This review synthesizes current understanding of progesterone-mediated immune regulation during early bovine pregnancy, focusing on its molecular mechanisms. These include genomic pathways involving nuclear progesterone receptors, non-genomic signaling through membrane progesterone receptors and progesterone receptor membrane component 1, and immunoregulatory effects mediated by the progesterone-induced blocking factor (PIBF). Progesterone acts both locally at the maternal-fetal interface and systemically, shaping immune tolerance and protecting the developing conceptus. Locally, it promotes an anti-inflammatory microenvironment by expanding regulatory T cells, reducing the cytotoxicity of natural killer cells, and suppressing dendritic cell activation. It downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma, while upregulating anti-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-4 and interleukin-10. Additionally, progesterone inhibits the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway, thereby attenuating inflammatory responses. PIBF contributes by enhancing T helper 2 cytokine profiles and reducing cytotoxic activity. Emerging evidence also suggests that progesterone modulates immune function in peripheral organs, including the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow, indicating systemic immunoregulation. However, species-specific differences in receptor expression, signaling cascades, and immune cell responsiveness remain poorly understood. Addressing these gaps is essential for optimizing reproductive management in cattle. In conclusion, a comprehensive understanding of progesterone's immunological roles may lead to improved fertility outcomes and advance knowledge of maternal-fetal immune tolerance in ruminants.
Indexed as
Identifiers
41186651What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.