Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41186010›Full record

ArticleAngewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)2025

Pollutants Transformation During the Regeneration Process of Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalysts.

Jiawei Bian, Robin Vogel, Pengfei Tian, Shuang Yang, Bohan Wang, Hao Ling, Fuzhen Xuan, Feng Ju, Bert M Weckhuysen

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Jiawei Bian *State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology-Utrecht University Joint Research Center for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
Robin Vogel *Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology-Utrecht University Joint Research Center for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands.
Pengfei TianSchool of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology-Utrecht University Joint Research Center for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
Shuang YangInorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology-Utrecht University Joint Research Center for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands.
Bohan WangState Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology-Utrecht University Joint Research Center for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
Hao LingState Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology-Utrecht University Joint Research Center for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
Fuzhen XuanSchool of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology-Utrecht University Joint Research Center for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
Feng JuState Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology-Utrecht University Joint Research Center for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
Bert M WeckhuysenInorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology-Utrecht University Joint Research Center for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5245-1426

Funding

Basic Research Program of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality 22JC1400600National Natural Science Foundation of China 22178110National Natural Science Foundation of China 22378131Shanghai Pujiang Programme 23PJD021
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is the major process for heavy oil conversion in current refineries and is explored for the intake of renewable feedstocks, like biomass and plastic waste. Due to coke deposition, FCC catalysts undergo continuous reaction-regeneration cycles. However, many gas pollutants are generated in the FCC regeneration process, and their emission characteristics and formation mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we conducted stack tests of three industrial FCC units to monitor pollutant emissions. The spent catalysts were characterized to identify the carbon deposits formed. We developed a method to correlate the decomposition of carbon deposits and the formation of gas pollutants in regeneration experiments using in situ Raman spectroscopy, operando FT-IR spectroscopy, and online gas-phase FT-IR spectroscopy. The evolution of coke species is significantly influenced by the oxygen content of the regeneration gas, leading to differences in emission concentration and formation temperature of various gas pollutants. The experimental results are compared with density functional theory (DFT) calculations to explain the formation of the major gas pollutants. This work is expected to advance pollutant emission prediction and control in FCC regeneration, thereby laying the foundation of future work in which different fossil-based and renewable feedstock compositions can be compared, including their effect on gas pollutant formation.

Indexed as

Coke depositsFlue gas pollutantsFluid catalytic crackingOperando spectroscopyTransformation mechanism

Identifiers

PMID41186010
PMCPMC12723451

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.