Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41185742›Full record

ReviewRisk management and healthcare policy2025

AI-Induced Cybersecurity Risks in Healthcare: A Narrative Review of Blockchain-Based Solutions Within a Clinical Risk Management Framework.

Gianmarco Di Palma, Roberto Scendoni, Davide Ferorelli, Anna De Benedictis, Vittoradolfo Tambone, Francesco De Micco

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Risk management and healthcare policy, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Review
  3. Review
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Review
  7. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Gianmarco Di PalmaOperative Research Unit of Clinical Affairs, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy.ORCID 0009-0009-6638-4151
Roberto ScendoniDepartment of Law, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Macerata, Macerata, Italy.ORCID 0000-0003-1910-2405
Davide FerorelliInterdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM), Section of Legal Medicine, University of Bari "aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-8150-7476
Anna De BenedictisOperative Research Unit of Clinical Affairs, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-8655-0895
Vittoradolfo TamboneResearch Unit of Bioethics and Humanities, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-9231-9523
Francesco De MiccoOperative Research Unit of Clinical Affairs, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-8483-3787

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the healthcare industry, improving diagnoses, treatments, and clinical processes. However, its integration poses significant cybersecurity risks, including data breaches, algorithmic opacity, and vulnerabilities in AI-controlled medical devices. This narrative review analyzes these threats and evaluates blockchain technology as a potential mitigation strategy within a Clinical Risk Management framework. Methods: The literature search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, considering peer-reviewed publications from 2000 to January 2025. 1,204 articles were identified. Inclusion criteria included studies on cybersecurity risks in healthcare, blockchain applications in the clinical setting, and regulatory references (eg, General Data Protection Regulation). Conference abstracts, non-English articles, and non-peer-reviewed contributions were excluded. To ensure methodological rigor, the Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles criteria were applied. Results: The thematic analysis highlighted recurring critical issues: difficulties with informed consent, unauthorized access to sensitive data, and systemic vulnerabilities in hospital digital infrastructures. Blockchain presents a promising solution thanks to its decentralization, immutability, and transparency. Integration with smart contracts enables dynamic consent management, secure data sharing, and real-time monitoring of medical devices. Permissioned networks improve traceability and regulatory compliance, while Layer 2 solutions and optimized consent protocols address scalability challenges. Conclusion: Despite its potential, blockchain adoption faces obstacles: high costs, regulatory rigidity, and poor acceptance among healthcare professionals. The review highlights the need for pilot projects, interdisciplinary collaboration, and regulatory updates for effective integration. Combining AI and blockchain in Clinical Risk Management can transform clinical risk management from reactive to proactive, improving patient safety, data governance, and accountability.

Indexed as

artificial intelligenceblockchainclinical risk managementcybersecurityhealthcarepatient safety

Identifiers

PMID41185742
PMCPMC12579840

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.