Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41184983›Full record

ArticleBMC psychology2025

Depression, anxiety and job dissatisfaction: consequences of economic hardship in a lower middle-income country.

Yusuf Yakubu, Mabweh Danladi Mashat, Abraham Agaya Obadiah, Elizabeth Akwa Amirakpa Ochi, Vincent Frederick Oklewu, Ibrahim Idris

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In one paragraph

Article in BMC psychology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Yusuf YakubuDepartment of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, St. George's University, St. George, Grenada. yyakubu@sgu.edu.
Mabweh Danladi MashatDepartment of Physiology, Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, St. George's University, St. George, Grenada.
Abraham Agaya ObadiahDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, St. George's University, St. George, Grenada.
Elizabeth Akwa Amirakpa OchiDepartment of Physiology, Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, St. George's University, St. George, Grenada.
Vincent Frederick OklewuDepartment of Pathology, School of Medicine, St. George's University, St. George, Grenada.
Ibrahim IdrisUsmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundMental health disorders remain underexplored among civil servants in Nigeria, a group exposed to economic hardship and family responsibilities. This study examined the association between socioeconomic, demographic, and lifestyle factors with anxiety, depression, and job satisfaction.

methodsA cross-sectional online survey of 538 civil servants collected data on demographics, income, health status, dependents, and exercise frequency. Anxiety, depression and job satisfaction were assessed using GAD-7, PHQ-9, and MSQ, respectively. Multinomial regression models estimated adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).

resultsRespondents had a mean age of 39 years and were predominantly male (72.7%) and married (79.6%). Hypertension prevalence was 15.0%. Anxiety was significantly reduced among those engaging in daily (aOR = 0.37; 95% CI:0.18-0.75; p = 0.006), weekly (aOR = 0.39; 95% CI:0.19-0.78; p = 0.008), or monthly exercise (aOR = 0.22; 95% CI:0.10-0.48; p < 0.001). Higher income was protective (>₦200,000/month: aOR = 0.11; 95% CI:0.04-0.34; p < 0.001), while large family burdens increased anxiety (6-10 dependents: aOR = 4.45; 95% CI:1.55-12.81; p = 0.006; >10 dependents: aOR = 7.43; 95% CI:2.28-24.24; p < 0.001).  Depression was more likely among younger respondents (<30 years: aOR=4.15; 95% CI:1.24-13.90; p=0.021), those with hypertension (aOR=3.12; 95% CI:1.57-6.19; p=0.001), and low-income earners (<₦20,000: aOR=9.03; 95% CI:2.87-28.40; p<0.001). Job dissatisfaction was associated with older age (31-40 years: aOR=2.01; 95% CI:1.14-3.57; p=0.017; >50 years: aOR=3.26; 95% CI:1.44-7.39; p=0.005), low income, and lack of regular exercise. Anxiety and depression showed strong comorbidity, with moderate depression (aOR=5.23; 95% CI:3.23-8.46; p<0.001) and severe depression (aOR=24.39; 95% CI:4.71-126.32; p<0.001) significantly elevating anxiety risk.

conclusionMental health outcomes among Nigerian civil servants could be shaped by economic hardship, family burden, and lifestyle factors. Physical activity and higher income were protective, while low income, caregiving responsibilities, and hypertension increased risk. Integrated workplace and policy interventions are needed to address financial insecurity, support families, and promote healthy lifestyles.

Indexed as

AnxietyDepressionJob SatisfactionAdultCross-Sectional StudiesDeveloping CountriesFemaleFinancial StressHumansMaleMiddle AgedNigeriaAnxietyDepressionEconomic hardshipJob satisfactionMental health disorders

Identifiers

PMID41184983
PMCPMC12581513

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.