Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41184808›Full record

ArticleBMC public health2025

Spatial analysis of depression and anxiety among frontline health workers during Nigeria's COVID-19 pandemic: cross-sectional study.

Piwuna Christopher Goson, Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu, Bernadine N Ekpenyong, Chundung Asabe Miner, Margaret Ojeahere, Tanko Ishaya, Khathutshelo P Mashige, Godwin Ovenseri-Ogbomo, Esther Awazzi Envuladu, Emmanuel Kwasi Abu and 7 more

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Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

17 authors.

Piwuna Christopher GosonDepartment of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, 930003, Nigeria.
Uchechukwu Levi OsuagwuBathurst Rural Clinical School (BRCS), School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Bathurst, NSW, 2795, Australia. l.osuagwu@westernsydney.edu.au.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1727-6914
Bernadine N EkpenyongDepartment of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, 540271, Nigeria.
Chundung Asabe MinerDepartment of Community Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, 930003, Nigeria.
Margaret OjeahereDepartment of Psychiatry, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, 930003, Nigeria.
Tanko IshayaDepartment of Computer Science, University of Jos, Jos, 930003, Nigeria.
Khathutshelo P MashigeDiscipline of Optometry, African Vision Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 3629, South Africa.
Godwin Ovenseri-OgbomoDepartment of Optometry, Centre for Health Sciences, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, IV2 3JH, UK.
Esther Awazzi EnvuladuDepartment of Community Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, 930003, Nigeria.
Emmanuel Kwasi AbuDepartment of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, 00233, Ghana.
Chikasirimobi G TimothyDepartment of Optometry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Mzuzu University, P/Bag 201, Mzuzu, Malawi.
Raymond LangsiHealth Division, University of Bamenda, P. O. Box 39, Bambili, Cameroon.
Onyekachukwu M AmiebenomoHAS - Allied Health Professions, University of West England Bristol Coldharbour Ln, Stoke Gifford, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK.
Richard OloruntobaSchool of Management and Marketing, Curtin Business School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6151, Australia.
Deborah Donald CharweTanzania Food and Nutrition Center, P. O. Box 977, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Palash BasakDepartment of Geography and Environmental, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Kingsley Emwinyore AghoDiscipline of Optometry, African Vision Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 3629, South Africa.

Funding

Tertiary Education Trust Fund TEFT/ES/DR&DCE/NRF2020/HSS/54/Vol.1
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic caused considerable panic and anxiety among health workers in all countries of the world, including Nigeria. This study aimed to identify the spatial clustering for prevalence and factors associated with anxiety and depression among frontline health workers (FHWs) during COVID-19 in the 36 states of Nigeria.

methodsThis was a cross-sectional study conducted in COVID-19 hospital treatment centres (one in each state) across 36 Nigerian states and Federal Capital Territory. A total of 3,353 FHWs were recruited using convenient sampling technique. The main outcomes were depression and anxiety symptoms examined using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and categorised into binary. The sequential modelling approach in Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with anxiety and depression among FHWs. The spatial distribution of anxiety and depression across Nigerian states was examined, and prevalence and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for mental health outcomes were visualized using ArcGIS Desktop 10.86, with graduated color symbols representing aORs adjusted for confounders.

resultsFHWs in the Southeastern States of Anambra, Enugu, Abia, and Imo, experienced higher odds of depression and anxiety compared with other states. For anxiety alone, higher odds were observed among FHWs in Benue, Cross River, Ebonyi, and Edo states. Logistic regression analyses revealed higher odds for anxiety and depression among Nurses, while FHWs who have practiced for 1-6 years had significantly higher odds for depression (adjusted odds ratios (AOR) = 3.21, 95%CI: 1.90, 5.43 for 5-6 years; and AOR = 2.33, 95%CI: 1.27, 4.26 for 1-4 years). The odds for anxiety and depression were significantly lower among FHWs with a prior history of psychological distress compared to those without such a history.

conclusionsThis study highlights significant spatial clustering of anxiety and depression among FHWs in Nigeria, with the highest burden in Southeastern states. Nurses and FHWs with fewer years of practice were particularly vulnerable, indicating the need for targeted mental health interventions. Those with a prior history of psychological distress had lower odds of experiencing anxiety and depression, suggesting potential resilience or coping mechanisms. These findings underscore the urgency for tailored mental health support and policy interventions to mitigate the psychological impact of future public health crises on healthcare workers.

Indexed as

AnxietyCOVID-19DepressionHealth PersonnelAdultCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedNigeriaPandemicsPrevalenceSpatial AnalysisAnxietyCOVID-19DepressionHealthcare workersHospitalMental healthPsychological distress

Identifiers

PMID41184808
PMCPMC12581258

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.