ArticleScientific reports2025
The association between whole-blood lead concentration and all-cause or cardiovascular disease mortality in hypertensive patients.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Biodegradable Hydrogels for PbGels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Estimated Dietary Lead Exposure Through Aquatic Animal Consumption and Health Symptoms in a Lake-Dependent Community: Evidence from Nong Han Lake, Northeast Thailand.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between whole-blood lead levels and mortality in a hypertensive population in the United States. In our study, 8364 subjects aged 20 years and older were included. We used a weighted COX proportional risk regression model to calculate risk ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for blood lead and mortality. The relationship between whole-blood lead levels and mortality was described by a restricted cubic spline curve. Kaplan Meier curves were used to describe the relationship between survival time and survival in study subjects, and all-cause mortality was analyzed in subgroups. Using the lowest quartile (Q1) as a reference, the HRs for all-cause mortality in model 3 (Q2, Q3, and Q4) were 1.05 (95% CI 0.84-1.32), 1.10 (95% CI 0.89-1.36), and 1.44 (95% CI 1.16-1.79), respectively. For cardiovascular mortality, they were 1.03 (95% CI 0.62-1.52), 1.30 (95% CI 0.77-2.21), and 1.97 (95% CI 1.31-2.97), respectively. Weighted restricted cubic spline regression confirmed a positive correlation between whole-blood lead levels and risk ratio (HR) (P-overall < 0.001). Weighted Kaplan-Meier curves showed a significant downward trend in survival in the hypertensive population with increasing whole-blood lead levels. (P < 0.0001 for all log-rankings). Subgroup analysis of all-cause mortality showed a strong positive association between whole-blood lead levels and all-cause mortality in different populations. Whole-blood lead concentration showed a non-linear positive correlation with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients.
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