ArticleScientific reports2025
Modified exosomes for targeted delivery of doxorubicin and carvedilol to mitochondria in breast cancer cells.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Unlocking the brain: Biodistribution insights into tween 80 nanoliposomes in healthy brains.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Article
- Engineering exosomes for cancer therapy - Modification technologies and subcellular targeting strategies: A review.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Review
- Encapsulation of hydroxyurea in exosomes derived from adipose mesenchymal stem cells enhances anticancer efficacy in breast cancer.Translational oncology · 2026Article
- Review
- Targeted delivery of doxorubicin using RSV F-protein modified breast cancer-derived exosomes in breast cancer-bearing mice.BioImpacts : BI · 2026Article
- Extracellular Vesicle-Based Strategies for the Prevention of Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiotoxicity.Therapeutics and clinical risk management · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Carvedilol (CAR), a well-established β-blocker and a promising pharmacological agent for mitigating doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity, has also demonstrated anticancer effects against breast cancer cells. Given the seemingly contradictory effects of CAR and DOX treatment on cardiomyocytes and cancer cells, particularly regarding mitochondrial function, this study investigates the synergistic potential of DOX and CAR through various delivery systems, including free form, exosomal formulations, and mitochondria-targeted delivery systems. The Chou-Talalay analysis demonstrated that combining DOX with CAR at a 1:1 ratio reduced DOX's IC50 in MCF-7 (from 0.274 µM to 0.191 µM) and MDA-MB-231 (from 0.138 µM to 0.086 µM) cells. Drug loading in exosomal formulations was achieved with approximately 24% efficiency, maintaining the optimum ratio. While CAR exhibited minimal cytotoxicity at concentrations below 2 µM, its combination with DOX enhanced anticancer effects. Mitochondrial-targeted delivery (TPP-Exo-DOX-CAR) showed reduced cytotoxicity compared to TPP-Exo-DOX formulation. ROS production analysis and mitochondrial membrane potential assessments revealed that CAR's protective effects become dominant in mitochondria-targeted delivery in vitro. Migration studies demonstrated significant inhibition of cell motility in CAR containing formulations. These findings suggest that while the DOX and CAR combination shows promise in cancer treatment, the delivery system significantly impacts their therapeutic efficacy, particularly in mitochondrial-targeted applications.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.