Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41183707›Full record

ArticleMucosal immunology2026

IFN-γ- GranzymeB + Natural killer cells are induced by IV BCG vaccination and associated with protection against tuberculosis in rhesus macaques.

Mohau S Makatsa, Emma Bishop, Allison N Bucsan, Matthew S Sutton, Chelsea C Lehman, Molly Robertson, Krystle K Q Yu, Joshua M Peters, Bryan D Bryson, Mario Roederer and 3 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Mucosal immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. HowVaccines · 2026
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Mohau S MakatsaDepartment of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA.
Emma BishopDepartment of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA.
Allison N BucsanVaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, USA.
Matthew S SuttonVaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, USA.
Chelsea C LehmanVaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, USA.
Molly RobertsonVaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, USA.
Krystle K Q YuDepartment of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA.
Joshua M PetersRagon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, USA.
Bryan D BrysonRagon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, USA.
Mario RoedererVaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, USA.
Robert A SederVaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, USA.
Patricia A DarrahVaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, USA.
Chetan SeshadriDepartment of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA. Electronic address: seshadri@uw.edu.

Funding

IMMUNE MECHANISMS OF PROTECTION AGAINST MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS CENTER (IMPAC-TB)75N93019C00071 · NIAID · HARVARD UNIVERSITY D/B/A HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH · PI FORTUNE, SARAH · 2019 to 2025
$57.3M
Seattle Tuberculosis Research Advancement CenterP30AI168034 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI Rhea N Coler, CHETAN SESHADRI · 2022 to 2026
$6.3M
The Role of Lipid-specific T cells in Mediating Protection Against M. tuberculosisR01AI146072 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI CHETAN SESHADRI · 2020 to 2026
$6.0M
Dynamics of the cellular and molecular architecture of human pulmonary TB granulomasR01AI166313 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI ROBERT L MODLIN · 2022 to 2026
$3.2M
NIAID NIH HHS 75N93019C00071NIAID NIH HHS P30 AI168034NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI146072NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI166313
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Intravenous (IV) vaccination with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) mediates sterilizing immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in rhesus macaques but the cellular mechanisms underlying protection are undefined. We used mass cytometry (CyTOF) to broadly profile pulmonary immunity induced by IV BCG and observed an expansion of CD69- NK cells characterized by expression of the cytotoxic molecule granzyme B but not IFN-γ in bronchoalveolar lavage. Flow cytometry experiments revealed that CD69- NK cell frequencies are increased in the lungs after IV BCG and associated with protection against Mtb challenge. An in vitro cytotoxicity assay revealed superior cytolytic capacity of CD69- NK cells compared to CD69 + NK cells derived from the lungs of IV BCG vaccinated macaques. Taken together, our data suggest that IV BCG induces the recruitment of CD69-granzyme B + NK cells to the lungs where they may contribute to protection via direct lysis of Mtb-infected cells. One Sentence Summary: Intravenous BCG vaccination induces the expansion of CD69- NK cells, which display enhanced cytotoxicity in-vitro and is associated with protection against tuberculosis.

Indexed as

BCG VaccineKiller Cells, NaturalLungMycobacterium bovisMycobacterium tuberculosisTuberculosisAnimalsAntigens, CDAntigens, Differentiation, T-LymphocyteCells, CulturedCytotoxicity, ImmunologicDisease Models, AnimalGranzymesInterferon-gammaLectins, C-TypeMacaca mulattaAntigens, CDAntigens, Differentiation, T-LymphocyteBCG VaccineGranzymesInterferon-gammaLectins, C-TypeBronchoalveolar lavageintravenous Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG)Mycobacterium tuberculosisNK cellsNon-human primates

Identifiers

PMID41183707
PMCPMC12662598

What OpenQuestion holds

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Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.