ReviewAnnals of medicine2025
Clinical development and guiding theory of transcranial magnetic stimulation: a literature review.
Review in Annals of medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Non-invasive brain stimulation for chronic low back pain: current techniques and future perspectives.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Article
- Non-invasive neuroregulation techniques applied to patients with consciousness disorders: a narrative review.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTranscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is widely used as a painless, non-invasive, and well-tolerated neuromodulation technique for various psychiatric and neurological disorders. Evidence from reviews, clinical trials, and basic research indicates a promising future for this approach. However, individual differences and the complexity of these disorders often lead to TMS failing to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. The key to overcoming this limitation lies in optimizing TMS parameters, including stimulation mode, target location, pulse number, frequency, coil, and the connectivity of the target brain network. Nevertheless, most studies have focused on one or a few parameters and have yet to provide comprehensive guidance for clinical practice.
objectiveThis review aims to trace the developmental trajectory of TMS, outlining the primary stimulation types and parameters, coils, theoretical models, target sites, targeting techniques (particularly personalized targeting techniques), among others, with a view to providing assistance to clinical practice and future research.
methodsPubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched for articles on the clinical evidence and methodology of TMS from inception to August 2025. The search terms included 'Transcranial magnetic stimulation', 'TMS', 'Stimulus type', 'parameters', 'theoretical model', 'coils', 'target' or 'personalied positioning', etc.
resultsWe have identified the primary TMS modalities, stimulation parameters, coil types and orientations, theoretical models, target sites, and targeting techniques that have been developed. These findings may provide valuable insights for broader TMS applications, and future research on personalized TMS targeting techniques and their accuracy/reproducibility warrants further investigation.
conclusionA comprehensive understanding of TMS is essential for overcoming challenges in its clinical application. Optimizing the selection of coils, stimulation protocols, theoretical frameworks, and target sites is critical to enhancing treatment efficacy. Given the persistent inter- and intra-individual variability observed in current studies, future research should focus on precise targeting, elucidating therapeutic mechanisms, and improving reproducibility.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.