Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41180841›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology2025

Implementation of the sensory organization test with the CAREN system: a pilot study.

Paolo De Pasquale, Augusto Ielo, Cristiano De Marchis, Daniele Borzelli, Antonino Casile, Antonio Caronni, Stefano Scarano, Rocco Salvatore Calabrò, Luigi Tesio, Angelo Quartarone and 1 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Paolo De PasqualeIRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Messina, Italy.
Augusto IeloIRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Messina, Italy.
Cristiano De MarchisEngineering Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
Daniele BorzelliDepartment of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
Antonino CasileDepartment of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
Antonio CaronniDepartment of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
Stefano ScaranoDepartment of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
Rocco Salvatore CalabròIRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Messina, Italy.
Luigi TesioDepartment of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
Angelo QuartaroneIRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Messina, Italy.
Andrea d'AvellaLaboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: The Sensory Organization Test (SOT) is a clinical and instrumental tool designed to assess postural stability by measuring body sway during standing under different sensory feedback conditions. This study explores the implementation of the SOT using the Computer Assisted Rehabilitation Environment (CAREN) system, aiming to enhance balance assessment and extend the diagnostic applications available for CAREN. Methods: A software application (CAREN-SOT) was developed to implement the SOT using the CAREN, which features a six degrees of freedom motion platform, force sensors, a 3D motion capture system, and an immersive visual environment. Eight healthy participants (ages 23-40, four males) underwent the SOT across six conditions, using either optic motion capture or force plate inputs to estimate the sway of the body center of mass. A generalized linear mixed model was employed to analyze equilibrium scores (ESs) from both modalities, considering system's latency and responsiveness. Results: CAREN-SOT implementation was possible using both input modalities. No statistically significant differences were found between the optoelectronic and force plate modalities in measuring postural stability across conditions. Comparison with normative data from the NeuroCom™ EquiTest™ system suggested equivalence in key SOT metrics, despite minor variations in ESs likely due to methodological differences and sample size. Discussion: By integrating advanced technological and customization capabilities, CAREN-SOT provides an immersive, controlled environment for postural stability assessment. While findings must be validated on a larger sample, they support CAREN-SOT's utility in diagnostic and rehabilitative settings. Future research directions include expanding normative datasets and exploring mediolateral sway to increase our understanding of postural control mechanisms.

Indexed as

balanceCARENequitestrehabilitationsensory organization test

Identifiers

PMID41180841
PMCPMC12575293

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.