Nanonbiosensors; Rapid Detection of

Zoonotic diseases, defined as those that are infectious and transmitted from animals to humans, constitute a substantial global health concern. Despite concerted efforts to eradicate or control these diseases, healthcare systems continue to face a substantial burden due to their re-emergence. The early and accurate detection of bacterial pathogens is of crucial importance in order to prevent the potential health consequences associated with zoonotic infections. However, conventional diagnostic methods such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), culture-based techniques, and immunological assays have limitations, including costliness, labour-intensiveness, and lengthy turnaround times for results. There is an increasing interest in the development of faster, more accurate, and cost-effective diagnostic methods to address these challenges. The utilization of nanobiosensors has emerged as a promising tool for the rapid detection of infectious disease agents. The utilization of biological recognition elements by these devices enables the detection of specific pathogens, with the potential to effect a paradigm shift in diagnostic practices. Furthermore, the incorporation of nanotechnology, particularly nanomaterials, has been demonstrated to enhance the performance of biosensors by improving their specificity and sensitivity. This review explores the application of biosensors and nanobiosensors to rapidly detect Salmonella, Clostridium, Escherichia, and Brucella spp. infections. These innovative technologies offer several advantages over traditional diagnostic methods, including reduced cost, simplified workflows, and faster results. The capacity of nanobiosensors to discern the presence of bacterial pathogens in a variety of sample types, encompassing environmental samples, animal specimens and clinical samples, renders them a versatile instrument for the implementation of disease surveillance and control measures. Furthermore, nanobiosensors have demonstrated considerable potential in enhancing the sensitivity and specificity of detection assays, thereby facilitating the early identification of Salmonella, Clostridium, Escherichia, and Brucella spp., even at low concentrations. By leveraging advancements in nanotechnology, researchers can further improve the performance and reliability of biosensors for zoonotic disease diagnosis. The integration of biosensors and nanotechnology has been demonstrated to hold significant potential for enhancing the detection and characterisation of Salmonella, Clostridium, Escherichia, and Brucella spp. The implementation of these innovative diagnostic tools has the potential to transform disease surveillance efforts, mitigate the spread of zoonotic diseases, and ultimately improve public health outcomes on a global scale.