ArticleJSES reviews, reports, and techniques2025
The effect of a forearm-strengthening program on medial elbow gapping in collegiate baseball pitchers.
Article in JSES reviews, reports, and techniques, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Single-Operator Stress Ultrasound Evaluation of Ulnohumeral Joint Instability Related to Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury: The Mayo Technique.Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Injuries to the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) are increasing among baseball players at all levels. Elbow forces during pitching routinely exceed levels that cause failure in UCL cadaver studies, highlighting the importance of identifying protective measures against UCL injury. The flexor-pronator mass has been demonstrated as a dynamic stabilizer of the elbow against valgus loads. Increasing dynamic stability of the elbow may help mitigate medial elbow gapping, a known risk factor for UCL injury. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an 8-week forearm-strengthening program on medial elbow gapping under ultrasound in collegiate baseball pitchers. We hypothesized that athletes who complete a forearm-strengthening program will have decreased medial elbow gapping under ultrasound in both gravity loaded and stress loaded conditions. Methods: Fourteen healthy collegiate (National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I) baseball pitchers completed an 8-week forearm-strengthening program in their throwing arm. Forearm girth and forearm strength were measured in the throwing and nonthrowing arm before and after the forearm-strengthening intervention. Medial elbow gapping in gravity-loaded and stress-loaded conditions were measured by ultrasound in the throwing and nonthrowing arm before and after the intervention. Results: There was a significant main effect of time on throwing-arm forearm girth (pre: 29.21 ± 1.72; post: 29.52 ± 1.64 cm, Conclusion: Although our forearm-strengthening program led to an increase in forearm girth and grip strength, the average medial elbow gap under a static valgus load was statistically unchanged. Further studies are warranted to explore the utility of strengthening the flexor-pronator mass as a preventive measure against injury in throwers.
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Registered trials
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