ArticleJournal of nephrology2025
Green haemodialysis: comparison of dialysis bags versus fresenius granumix at the AOU Policlinico di Modena, Italy.
Article in Journal of nephrology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Ten tips to preserve and reuse water in nephrology.Clinical kidney journal · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHaemodialysis (HD) has a significant environmental footprint due to its high resource consumption and waste generation. A key component is dialysate production, which typically involves mixing water, bicarbonate, and a single-use acid concentrate bag for each session. An alternative method is the central delivery of acid concentrate, prepared on-site using dry powder formulations. This study compares the environmental impact of these two delivery systems, focusing on waste reduction, elimination of single-use plastic, and decreased transport-related emissions.
methodsA detailed life cycle assessment (LCA) was carried out using OpenLCA and the Ecoinvent v3.1 database to compare the traditional acid concentrate bag system with the central delivery system (Granumix, Fresenius, Germany). Data on material inputs, energy use, waste generation, and transportation were collected. Flow diagrams captured the full life cycle of each method, and various environmental indicators were analysed, including climate change, acidification, and ecotoxicity.
resultsThe Granumix system demonstrated considerably lower environmental impact than traditional bag use. It reduced climate change potential by 30% (CO₂-equivalent) and freshwater ecotoxicity by 15%. Additional benefits were observed in acidification, resource use, and overall emissions, indicating the system's broader environmental advantages.
conclusionsThe central delivery of acid concentrate using the Granumix system is a more sustainable option for HD, significantly reducing environmental burdens across several categories. These findings underscore the value of adopting innovative delivery models to make essential healthcare treatments more environmentally sustainable.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.