Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41175033›Full record

ArticleMedical and veterinary entomology2026

Citizen science reveals host-switching in louse flies and keds (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) during a period of anthropogenic change.

Denise C Wawman, Adrian L Smith, Ben C Sheldon

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Medical and veterinary entomology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Denise C WawmanEdward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, Department of Biology, Life and Mind Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-8172-4734
Adrian L SmithDepartment of Biology, Life and Mind Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Ben C SheldonEdward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, Department of Biology, Life and Mind Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The Hippoboscidae (Diptera) are a family of obligate blood-feeding ectoparasites of birds (louse flies) and mammals (keds) that are known to vector pathogenic agents. Citizen scientists collected 4365 hippoboscids of 12 species, from 117 host species, in the UK, Ireland and the Isle of Man, as part of the 'Mapping the UK's Flat Flies Project'. Of the 212 host-parasite interactions recorded, 70 were previously unreported in the region. Analyses of host characteristics showed evidence of niche separation by host size of the sympatric generalist species Ornithomya avicularia (L.) and Ornithomya fringillina (Curtis). Comparisons with data from a previous study, published in 1962, showed that all three generalist species in the genus Ornithomya increased their host associations during a period of climate and other anthropogenic changes: for example, the switch by some species of gulls (Laridae) to anthropogenic food sources has occurred over the same period that louse flies have started to parasitize them. These changes may have consequences for human and other animal health.

Indexed as

DipteraHost-Parasite InteractionsAnimalsBird DiseasesBirdsCitizen ScienceHost SpecificityIrelandMammalsUnited Kingdombirdscitizen scienceclimate changehost–parasite interactionsvectorswildlife disease

Identifiers

PMID41175033
PMCPMC13140014

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.